The 25th of April, Anzac Day The one day of the year that evokes universal emotions in so many people

The 25th of April, Anzac Day – The one day of the year that evokes universal emotions in so many people. I am no different as I stand with pride as an Air Force cadet in my perfectly pressed blue uniform, time honored slouch hat, high polished belt buckle and black patent shoes that glisten like ebony in the sun. With a steel grey Styer rifle slung over my shoulder I stand guarding the Forest Lake War Memorial as part of the catafalque party. I feel honored to have been chosen along with three other cadets from 224 Squadron at Amberley to silently stand guard at this sacred memorial on Anzac Day 2010. With the blazing mid-morning sun, searing down on the back of my neck I silently plead with God. â€Å"Please don't let me faint in the heat, like so many have done on previous parades†. All the cadets from 224 SQN have taken bets on who would be the first cadet to collapse in the harsh sun; bets are on Brewell, who is nearly 15 kgs overweight and known to never make it through a bivouac without having to report to the First Aid station at least once. As I stand with my head solemnly bowed, my mind wanders as I stand perfectly still. I think of Granddad, who when he was not much older than me was â€Å"Chasing Japs around the bloody jungle†. This is the only insight I have of Granddad and the war as he seldom talks of it. I catch a quick glimpse of Granddad from the corner of eye as he stands in the massed crowd, at 85 years of age he still stands tall. It is nearly 65 long years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed and the war declared over, yet Granddad has never missed an Anzac Day ceremony. However, he has never marched on this day of remembrance or ever worn his medals, much preferring to blend in with the crowd and remain anonymous. Why he chooses to do this, I don't know. Although, I strongly suspect it has something to do with the fact that many of his childhood friends from the small country town in Victoria that he grew up in, never returned to Australia from the fighting in New Guinea. Or is it because he is a modest man? As he once said â€Å"You shouldn't have to be thanked or applauded for doing the right thing†. My mind is brought back to the present, when the silence is pierced by the sounds of â€Å"The Last Post† from the lone bugle and the Wing Commander of the day barking out the command for the flag to be lowered. As the sound of the bugle fades, my mind returns to Granddad. Like a time traveler, I am transported back to another Anzac Day parade when I was about 10 years of age. I am marching with the Moggill Boy Scouts, at the Kenmore parade, once again Granddad blending in with the crowd that throngs the side of the road. After the ceremony, I am walking back up the steep hill beside Granddad, having to take two steps to his one. I ask him why he never marches on Anzac Day and lets me wear his many medals on my right breast. He simply mumbles, â€Å"I have my reasons†. As we approach the bakery, where I know we will stop and he will buy me an ice cold Coke and sticky finger bun with bright pink icing, he turns to me, ruffles my hair and quietly says â€Å"But, you make it all worthwhile†. Suddenly a thunderous roar of an F1 11 resounds approaching from the east and interrupts the speech by Shane Neumann, the local sitting member for the Federal electorate of Blair. I suspect the crowd is rather pleased that this silver winged albatross drowns his lengthy speech out. The F1 11 is now directly overhead and the crowd raises its eyes to see the belly of this huge piece of flying machinery. I wonder why this obsolete aircraft that most countries have phased out years ago still can bring a crowd to a standstill. Is it that, like Anzac Day, people like tradition and want to have a connection with the past I start to gently sway from side to side to try and get a bit of circulation into my body. The temperature must be at least 30 degrees and I have been standing unmoved for nearly an hour. I start to plead with God again not to let me faint. Once again my mind wanders off and I find myself thinking of not only Granddad but of Nana, who is also a returned service woman, and who like Granddad and so many more gave away their youth to serve their country. I think of Nana in the small kitchen of their modest home in Taringa, fussing around making me and all the other grandchildren making morning tea. I find it hard to believe that she could have ever been in the army. Why would someone so quiet and caring like her want to serve during a war? She must have felt it was her duty, for at the time five of her older siblings were in the forces serving overseas. Her father, also being a returned veteran from World War 1, maybe this is why Nana also comes and watches me on Anzac Day. Once again my mind is brought back to the present when the silence is broken by sounds of music that accompanies the wreath laying. As the young and old solemnly walk and place a wreath at the foot of cenotaph, I listen to the words of the chorus of the accompanying song, â€Å"Lest we Forget† Yes, as I stand with the Styer slung over my shoulder, I realise it is those three words â€Å"Lest we Forget† why I am here today. I am here today to thank Nana, Granddad, and everybody else who served in the war, for making such huge sacrifices, to secure our nation's freedom. I hope that their sacrifices will not be forgotten. As the flag is again raised and the lone bugler plays the Reveille, I look around at the huge crowd, and I know for sure they will all be remembered.

Rommel and Eisenhower

Complexity Within Simplicity The battle itself took the duration of a few days but was one of the most intense and fearsome battles in all of WWII. It took place in North Africa between the Allies (British + Americans) and the Axis (German+ Italian) powers. The battle was called the Battle of El Alamein and it held a high significance since it took place in Alam el Halfa, which is next to the Suez Canal that was the Allies’ main means of transporting and receiving food.This was essentially a last stand for the allies as the German-Italian forces kept advancing and conquering and showed no signs of stopping until all of Africa was under their control. However, they were stopped by the by two major generals- Eisenhower and Montgomery who led the allies to victory in North Africa. Though the battle itself was fierce, it was the military tactics and mentalities of Erwin Rommel, Dwight Eisenhower, and Bernard Montgomery that made it so interesting and complex. Bernard Montgomery wa s put in charge of the Eighth Army, while the main general in command for the Allies was Dwight Eisenhower.Winston Churchill assigned them both their positions. On the 30 of August 1942, Erwin Rommel (the German Commander) attacked the Eighth Army at Alam el Halfa (â€Å"The Battle of El Alamein†). The battle consisted of mostly soldiers from Germans and Italians versus the British and the Americans. It was crucial for the Allies to hold their position at Alam el Halfa because that was where the Suez Canal was located. (The Suez Canal was the supply route for the Allies so if they lost their foothold over it, they would have lost their supplies and the last firm grasp that they had in the continent of North Africa.Also, it would become extremely tough for them to regain after losing it and still be able to push back the Germans, â€Å"The Battle of El Alamein†). The Allies likewise followed the same strategy-to cut off the German supply route (â€Å"The Battle of El A lamein†). The Allies withstood the attack and fortified their defenses. They increased their army size and weaponry (tanks) and soon the German men were outnumbered 110,000 to 200,000 and their tanks outnumbered 500 to 1,0000 (â€Å"The Battle of El Alamein†). Despite the outnumbered battalions, Rommel stood and fought.Being a high-prestige, high ranked Field Marshall, Rommel understood how battles worked. After all, the road to his rank of Field Marshall was not easy. Rommel first took part in battle during WWI against the Italians. One of his most famous achievements was on Lucia Savogna road, In Italy. It was indeed a remarkable feat. Rommel and his men had been marching and quickly conquering their way into parts of Italy and destroying any resistance that came with it. After cutting deep into Italy, and stopping at a village named Luico, his army decided to rest briefly and let the rest of the army units and reinforcements catch up.Then, one of the men spotted some thing in the distance moving towards them. Rommel told one of his men to check out the surrounding sight. After checking, he told Rommel that several resistance forces of the Italian military were on their way towards them. Rommel quickly spread this information with all of his soldiers and told them to prepare for battle. Though Rommel’s men only numbered to about 150, Rommel knew he had to stand. It was a huge gamble at the time because had they lost the battle, Rommel’s campaign would’ve ended and the remaining reinforcements that were on their way, also would’ve been destroyed.However, Rommel took the gamble, and positioned machine guns around the site of the battle, and ordered his men to shoot on his cue. After the Italian army (numbering to about 2,000 men) arrived. A messenger was sent to Rommel to reconsider his decision and stand down. However, Rommel refused to do such a thing. Soon after, Rommel blew his whistle and opened fire. Within minutes , the Italian resistance had been disintegrated and crushed. Rommel’s enemy had lost their entire army to an army less than one-tenth of their size (SHOWALTER, DENNIS. â€Å"What Made Rommel ROMMEL†).Rommel’s decision had been a huge gamble but being the intelligent leader that he was, he understood the importance of winning and how he needed to win the battle at any cost. During the battle of El Alamein, Rommel’s army had pushed the allies to near defeat: conquering most of North Africa, then proceeding to expel the allies from Africa by cutting off their supply line from the Suez Canal, near El Alamein. Rommel’s favorite attack strategy for most battles was a sort of entrapment. He would create a hollow circle with his battalions and leave the center of the circle open.In this manner, he would fool his enemies into landing into the center, and fighting outwards. Most of Rommel’s enemies figured that Rommel wouldn’t suspect such an a ttack, but in reality, this would be Rommel’s plan all along (Paris, Michael. â€Å"El Alamein, The People's Battle). After landing in the center of the circle, Rommel would encircle his enemy with his forces and crush them. Rommel had planned to use this method of entrapment against the allies at the battle of El Alamein. However, General Montgomery and Eisenhower, the two main generals in charge of the battle of El Alamein during WWII were well aware of Rommel’s strategy.When Rommel had formed his circle to bait the allies into landing in the center, Montgomery and Eisenhower planned to put fake tanks in the center- to counter-bait Rommel and fool him into thinking that there is a legitimate army force located in the center. Ike and Monty (Eisenhower and Montgomery’s nicknames, Heydt, Bruce. â€Å"The General And The Field Marshal†) planned on attacking the north end of the circle after Rommel command a large number of his forces to attack the fake tan ks located in the center (Paris, Michael. El Alamein, The People's Battle†) Sure enough, the plan had worked. After several days of fighting, Rommel’s Afrika Korps were annihilated and Rommel had fled Africa, leaving his position as Field Marshall of the German Army and suddenly going on a sick leave right before the end of his campaign. (Temple, Truman †Erwin Rommel's Last Offensive In North Africa Ended With A Whimper At Medenine†). Though Eisenhower and Montgomery developed the attack plan, they greatly disliked each other.Montgomery claimed to a reporter before a battle: â€Å"I liked Eisenhower, but I could not stand him about the place for long; his high-pitched accent, and loud talking, would drive me mad. I should say he was good probably on the political line; but he obviously knows nothing whatever about fighting† (Heydt, Bruce. â€Å"The General And The Field Marshal†) He showed his disrespect throughout the war towards Eisenhower wh o also disliked him. On one event, Montgomery told an American reporter: â€Å" I’m sorry for coming late, but I really shouldn’t have come at all. Eisenhower was infuriated by his remark. Eisenhower remarked, â€Å"Montgomery is a skilled and successive general, but very conceited† (Heydt, Bruce. â€Å"The General And The Field Marshal†) Even after the battle of El Alamein, the two refused to get along, but cooperated during the war solely for the good of their own countries. The battle of El Alamein was a huge turning point in WWII. It was the first major victory claimed by the allies who had been being continuously pushed back by the Axis during the previous battles (â€Å"The Battle of El Alamein†).Rommel, the â€Å"Desert Fox† (because of his sneaky and surprising strategies that often shocked his opponents, â€Å"The Battle of El Alamein â€Å") had proved to be a worthy opponent during the war, due to his high-caliber strategies an d his intimidating, risk-taking nature. And the battle itself was consisted of major generals who could not get along but managed to pull together for the sake of the allies. El Alamein was truly a great battle, it was not simply just about which side had the greater number of arms and men, but more about matching and complying with the strategy and mentality of the opponent.

Donald Duck Mathematical Magic Trick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Donald Duck Mathematical Magic Trick - Essay Example The Golden Mean is a special ratio equal to 1:1.61803399, which is considered to be the ratio of beauty. The Ancient Greeks used this ratio in Golden Rectangles found in many of their architectural designs like the Parthenon. In later years, the Golden Ratio was used in even more architectural and artistic designs like the Cathedral of Notre Dame and the Mona Lisa painting. The Golden Mean is also known to be able to multiply itself until infinity. Infinity is another concept that we discussed in class. It means something that goes on forever and does not end. The Golden Rectangle was found in the pentagram and it can be formed from the parts of the pentagram at an infinite number of times. The video showed that when the pentagram is deconstructed, and the parts were arranged according to their lengths, the two short parts combined formed the longer part in the ratio of the Golden

Power & Politics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Power & Politics - Coursework Example Oprah Winfrey is one of the most powerful women in the modern day context. The power that Oprah Winfrey possesses is expert power. She is well aware of the fact that she is quite influential all over the world and therefore realises her responsibility and an opportunity to assist others to grow intellectually. Oprah Winfrey has power which is evident from the US President Barack Obama’s election bid. It was identified that by means of her endorsements, President was capable of gathering many extra votes which led him to the highest position. However, it has been found that her power has certain limitations. Her power to encourage and persuade others rests on her capability to align her supporters to any aspect that people can identify with. She needs to have the capability to bring together the idea, repack it if required so that it is aligned with the interest of the mass (Miller, 2004). Alan Sugar is the other influential personality of present times. It can be mentioned that Alan Sugar seems to be exercising referent power. Referent power is the situation where a person gains the right to obtain respect from others because of perceived attractiveness, personal characteristics as well as reputation. Alan Sugar achieved reputation so that he can expect respect as one of the most influential leaders. Thus, it can be concluded that power has a noteworthy role to play in the attainment of the goals of the organisations.

Child abuse research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Child abuse research paper - Essay Example The definition has expanded through the years as it came to cover physical injury to physical assault, neglect, emotional abuse, and coercive sexual activity. Statistics speaks about this grim situation: in 2002, 896,000 cases of child abuse and neglect were substantiated across 50 states and that according to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, about 81% of these cases were perpetuated by parents. (Runyon et al. 2006, p. 23) These kinds of reports, however, do not necessarily reflect the actual incidence of child abuse because the figures may still be higher as many cases of abuse are still estimated to be unreported. The gravity of the situation is highlighted by the fact that child abuse is one of the five leading causes of childhood death in the United States today. (Mankiller 1999, p. 87) The answer is quite complicated to the question why parents abuse their children. There are several dimensions to the issue. For example, mothers are more prone to maltreat their children than fathers or that substance abuse contribute to the emergence of child abuse, among others. These variables, however underscore the need for effective intervention approaches to address the numerous issues in the subject. This paper will explore why treatment is important, how it is being carried out and how this strategy is more effective than punishment in addressing child abuse. In the treatment of parents involved in child abuse, it is important to consider the ecological issues that lead to the abuse. For example, is there unemployment in parents or a maltreatment in the childhood history of the parents? Also, the number of children in the family, the physical or developmental disabilities that are difficult to manage as well as other care giving responsibilities must be considered. It is important that in addressing the problem of child abuse, all parts of the family system issue must be treated. Particularly,

Age-related changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Age-related changes - Essay Example p53: may induce apoptosis by the induction of oxidative stress caused by an inappropriate up regulation of Mn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase; may play a role in apoptosis mediated muscle wasting; and, is increased in quail muscles after 7 or 14 days of unloading. p53 has been reported to be unaltered during atrophy induced by nerve injury as an example. Immobilisation at shortened length induces atrophy, while in a lengthened position it produces hypertrophy attributable to addition of sarcomeres in the longitudinal direction. In the shortened position it induces fast isoforms. These differences may be due to the elevated expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor-| (check symbol) | in stretched muscle which are not altered in shortened length. Atrophy and loss of strength are not prevented by regular unloaded contractions due to electrical stimulation but are attenuated or followed by hypertrophy by the application of intermittent weight bearing or strength training in human and animal studies. Neurotrophic factors are important determinants of the skeletal muscle contractile properties. During chronic electrical stimulation via the nerve the effect of the neurotrophic factors cannot be totally excluded. The disuse and denervation may not have the same effect on skeletal muscle. During CORP and C (cutoff in the document), muscle wasting is a serious complication and it contributes to exercise intolerance and reduced survivability in many cases. Atrophy is not always evident. The lower muscles seem to lose more strength than the upper muscles. This may be due to muscle disuse. Inactivity is not necessary the main account for the skeletal muscle alteration during CORP and CHF. It may be due to hypoxaemia. There is a strong predictor that the systematic inflammation is the primary cause of muscle wasting. This may be seen by elevated plasma levels of TNFa. It has been reported TNFa to reduce titanic force in single muscle fibres within an hour

B2B Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

B2B Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Also, there should be a target of assigning the necessary resources to the segments that are being profitable. This strategy might not be immediately very profitable, as there will probably be some more inherent costs, even though some profit is expected, which will help in the company's actual financial situation. It is essential to start thinking about producing and marketing new products with the same characteristics which the actual consumers need. The products that the customers want to be on the market should be concentrated on, rather than continuing to offer the same customized products. I have learned from this simulation that in order to create demand, there has to be adequate investment in hiring of sales offices, web centers, customer service, promotions and advertising. I feel that for better profitability, there must be good relations with suppliers and customers. "Effective change requires reinforcing new behaviors, attitudes and organizational practices" (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2004). Also, having the right products, in the exact moment seems to require quite some time, and I think this is another important issue to be considered. When an organisation has produced the right product or services, they would want to deliver it according to current products and happenings in the actual market, and also according to what the competition is doing. I think it is important for the company to examine what the priorities are, and to review the currently established brand service prices. Effectiveness of Strategy According to Kreitner and Kinicki, there are three stages in this strategy or model of planned change, and this strategy is instrumental in initiating, managing and stabilizing the change process. The three stages of planned change are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. Unfreezing focuses on creating the motivation to change, changing focuses on providing employees with new information, behavioral models and new ways of looking at things. Refreezing is the final stage used to help employees integrate the changed behavior into the every day process of doing business. Once employees are provided the opportunity to exhibit the new behavior, positive reinforcement is needed to reinforce the desire change (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2004) Works cited Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2003). Organizational behavior 6e. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved February 12, 2007 from University of PhoenixResource, MBA520 Resource optimization website http://forio.com/pdasim.htm

Is a happy worker necessarily a productive worker Essay

Is a happy worker necessarily a productive worker - Essay Example One such theory or belief that has been around for a long time is that a happy worker is a more productive worker. In this essay I have addressed the issue of â€Å"Is a happy worker necessarily a productive worker?† I believe that a happy worker can be more productive than an unhappy worker but it can not be said with complete conviction that a happy worker has to be more productive. I will draw on theories of motivation, attitudes and job satisfaction in order to prove the above. Before going on to see if a happy worker is a productive worker, I will first try to put forward the concept of happiness. Happiness can not be well defined in a systematic way. It involves a number of variables. Happiness at workplace is a combined effect of numerous factors such as quality of life at work, job satisfaction, employee attitude, overall life satisfaction, negative effects, positive effects, socialization, etc (Zelenski et al., 2008). Two main aspects that contribute to happiness at a work place are employee attitude and job satisfaction. Employees have their own views on various aspects of their work, their personal career and on the organization as a whole. These viewpoints are affected by various factors and make up the attitudes of the employees at the workplace. Job satisfaction on the other hand is also an attitude but is the most focal of all the attitudes (Saari & Judge, 2004). Job Satisfaction is best described by Locke (1976; p1304) as â€Å"a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences.† But most important aspect here is that job satisfaction is not completely responsible for happiness as it is not just related to the events at the workplace. Life satisfaction which involves the employee’s personal life also contributes to happiness and in fact plays a bigger role than job satisfaction. Now, returning to the purpose of this essay. Different employees have different needs and each one of them measure happiness using different parameters. In the following paragraphs I will introduce numerous theories and studies put forward by experts in the field that have contributed towards proving that happy workers might not necessarily be a more productive. Maslow’s Theory of hierarchy of needs According to Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs human behavior is determined by the progression of individual internal needs. He categorized the need hierarchicall y as physiological, safety and security, social, esteem and self actualization. According to him, an individual will first try to fulfill his basic needs as food, shelter, etc and then move on the higher level needs. According to this theory there is no connection between human behavior and happiness until the lower level needs are fulfilled. If a stage is not fulfilled then the individual is motivated to fulfill this stage before going to the next one (Nelson & Quick, 2007). Same can be applied to an organization. An employee in an organization is motivated by his manager to fulfill uncompleted stages. The manager can motivate the employee by offering rewards or other benefits such as promotions. Each employee will be motivated by different means and this necessarily is to fulfill their needs rather than attaining happiness.

Healing Myth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healing Myth - Essay Example She spent five years stuck in tortuous dread, trying to outrun destruction, war, starvation and the ultimate commitment of an individual, the death. She challenged inhuman evil acts as if they were kindergarten toys. According to me the turning point in the story can be found when children’s mother turns them out of the home. She whispers to the children and Loung writes (2006) â€Å"If we stay together, we will die together, but if they cannot find us, they cannot kill us† (p.121). She instructs them to separate, â€Å"walk until you come to a work camp, tell them you are orphans, and change your name† (p.122). Loung stubbornly refuses to go so â€Å"Ma says sternly. ‘Your Pa is gone now, and I just cannot take care of you kids. I don’t want you here! You are too much work for me! I want you to leave!† (p.122).As the wife of a high ranking government official, her strategy was right and the children were saved but she lost sight of the human angle at that moment. That was a peculiar situation and in the situations they were placed in neither mother nor the children could be blamed. The wise saying goes that desperate situations need desperate remedies. In such a grim situation thinking power gets engulfed in confusion and no accurate decision is possible. It is wrong to conclude that the mother does not love her children. The reality is she visualizes absolute danger for their lives if they continue to stay in the house together and as such she wants them to leave hoping that destiny would favor w them with good luck if they move out of the house and seek shelter elsewhere. Loung’s position is also to be pitied. Her resentment towards her mother is perfect as children look forward for protection from their parents and family members when it is a question of life or death. What is their plan of escape and where will they hide? Neither the

Politics and Other Social Sciences Essay Example for Free

Politics and Other Social Sciences Essay Man is a social animal. His social life has many dimensions – political, economic, sociological, psychological, historical etc. Social sciences deal with this multi-dimensional man, his collective life, social behaviour, organisations and activities. All of these dimensions of man are inter-connected leading to interrelationship among various social sciences. Political science, being one of the social sciences dealing with the political aspect of social man, has close connections with other social sciences. The modem approach in the study of social sciences is primarily interdisciplinary. It means that scholars of one specialized social science should work in coordination with scholars of other disciplines. This has resulted in a great deal of overlapping of disciplines. Interdisciplinary study has resulted in a rapid development of theoretical and applied aspects of politics and the sharpening of tools of research and analysis in the present century. Political Science and History Political Science and History are very closely connected. Jellinek remarked: It is almost a common-place today to affirm the necessity of historical study as a basis for a proper understanding of institutions, whether they be political, legal, or social.1 E.H. Carr holds that the dual function of history (is) to enable man to understand the society of the past and to increase his mastery over the society of the present} The cause and effect relationship of social phenomena can be understood by scientific understanding of history. History furnishes the political scientist the raw materials for comparison and induction. The relation of political science and history is well brought out in words of Seeley: History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without history has no root. In the words of Freeman, history is past politics and politics is present history. While political science is dependent on history for its material, it must be made clear that history supplies only part of its material. Again, all facts of history are not useful to political science. Garner rightly points out that not all of history is past politics. Much of it – like the history of art, of science, of inventions, discoveries, military campaigns, language, customs, dress, industries, religious controversies – has little, if any, relation to politics and affords no material for political investigation. Political Science selects relevant facts out of history. All political institutions are products of history. Without historical foundations, political science becomes merely speculative and abstract. History is a vast storehouse of facts and information from which political science draw its relevant materials for generalizations. Lipson writes: with its chronological treatment, history offers to the student of politics a sense of growth and development and thus affords insight into the process of social change. Political science has influence on history. Political ideas of thought leaders have contributed in shaping human history. Political revolutions and political concepts like democracy, liberty, equality and political ideologies like liberalism, nationalism and socialism have substantially influenced the history of societies. Garner aptly observes: to interpret history in its true significance we must study that politically. Behaviouralism with its stress on empirical method has undermined the importance of historical method in recent political studies. Traditional method relied more on history as it believed that history can assist in understanding the present and act as a guide for the future. Political Science and Economics Political Science and economics are very closely related and cover a common ground to a large extent. Early writers on economics considered their subject as a branch of political science and termed it ‘political economy’. Politics influences substantially the economic system. The state formulates the economic policies and regulates the economy. Production and distribution of wealth, price control, trade, taxation, government ownership of public utilities, banking, export-import and such other economic activities are regulated by political decision-making. The solution of many economic problems must come through political channels. Indeed many of the complex problems of the modern state are essentially economic in character: the reduction of economic disparity, removal of poverty and unemployment, the adjustment of the claims of capital and labour, nationalization and the achievement of a welfare state. The modern state, Galbraith writes, is an Industrial State. On the other hand, political and social life is profoundly influenced by economic conditions. Karl Marx regarded politics as a part of political economy and maintained that the economic basis of society influences politics which belongs to the superstructure. Political movements and revolutions are profoundly influenced by economic causes. All political ideologies like liberalism, socialism, imperialism, fascism have an economic basis. The political behaviour of man and various organized groups is influenced by economic factors. The main functions of modern welfare state are basically economic. There are economic motives behind many political policies. Political norms like liberty, equality, rights, justice are very often evaluated on an economic basis. Thus there is close relationship between political and economic life. The interaction of the two disciplines has resulted in the increasing importance given to political economy in recent years. Political Science and Sociology No two social sciences are as closely related as political science and sociology. Sociology is the fundamental social science. It is the root of all the social sciences. It is the most comprehensive social science which studies all aspects of the life of man in society. In the words of Small, it is the science of men in their associated processes. Sociology has a much wider scope than political science. It is a study of society in all its manifestations, while political science is primarily a study of the state and government. In other words, sociology deals with man in all his social relations, while political science deals with the man in his political relations. Sociology deals with both organized and unorganised communities and groups, while political science is concerned with organised political communities. The subject of sociology is social man and that of political science is political man. The relation between the two sciences is well brought out by Garner. He writes: Sociology derives from political science knowledge of the facts regarding the organization and activities of the state, while political science derives in large measure from sociology its knowledge of the origin of political authority and the laws of social control. State and politics cannot be studied objectively without an understanding of the general laws of social development. Political institutions and processes are influenced by social forces and factors. Not only does sociology influence political science, but politics also influences the social system. The political system controls and regulates social forces and customs. Politics engineers the process of peaceful social change and is engaged in maintaining social stability and cooperation. Political control is the most important and the most effective among all forms of social control. Contemporary political studies have borrowed concepts, methods and techniques of research from sociology. The current sociological impact on the study of politics can be traced back to the influence of Max Weber. Interdisciplinary study of political science and sociology got tremendous fillip with the emergence of political behaviouralism. A new branch of study named political sociology has emerged as a result of the interaction between political science and sociology. G. Sartori has observed that politics has got socialised and society has got politicised in the present times to such an extent that politics cannot be studied in isolation from sociology. Political Science and Psychology Psychology is the science of mental attitudes and human behaviour. It studies human instincts, attitudes, sentiments and emotions. It has been emphasized that scientific study of social phenomena must have a psychological basis. Psychological factors have become increasingly important for understanding what people believe about politics and how they act in political situations. Study of political behaviour has assumed great significance under the impact of behaviouralism in political studies. The psychological approach in political science goes back to 1908 when A. F. Bentleys The Process of Government and Graham Wallass Human Nature in Politics were published. The psychological approach received further impetus from Chicago School political scientists such as C. E Merrium, Stuart Rice, George Catlin and Harold Lasswell. Modern writers like Tarde, Le Bon, McDougall, Graham Wallas, Baldwin and Ellwood have attempted to explain and interpret political and social phenomena through the laws of psychology. Governments to be stable and popular must reflect the mental ideas and moral sentiments of the people who are subject to its control. Modern governments have devised subtle methods of the psychological manipulation of the masses. Public opinion is being moulded by ingenious propaganda as in politics the art of controlling the mass mind is increasingly becoming the key to political power and stability. Political Science and Ethics Political science has close historical links with philosophy and ethics. Initially, the study of state in Greece was a part of ethics. Ethics as a branch of study investigates the laws of morality and formulates rules of conduct. Ethics is the science of the moral order while political science is the science of the political order. Both have to deal with questions of right and wrong, good and bad, just and unjust. Plato conceived the notion of an ideal state in his Republic and believed that the state should train men in a life of virtue. The end of the state, according to Aristotle, is good life for the citizens. Modern idealists like Rousseau, Kant, Hegel and Green have accepted the state as an ethical institution which creates conditions for the fullest development of human personality. Lord Acton goes so far as to say: The great question is to discover, not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe. Fox held that what is morally wrong can never be politically right. Gandhis lasting contribution to politics is his insistence upon the spiritualization of politics i.e., application of truth, non-violence, love, self-suffering to mans social and political life. The end of the state has been formulated by the greatest political thinkers in terms of moral values. The state exists to promote social and moral good on the largest possible scale. A good citizen is possible in a good state and perfect state cannot be conceived where wrong ethical principles prevail. Laws are obeyed with greater readiness if they are based on the moral ideas of the community. Politics also influences ethics. Politics safeguards the ethical norms of a society. The state acts as the guardian of social morality. The attempts of some contemporary political scientists to create a value-free political science have not been successful. David Easton aptly observes: The goal of value-free research is a myth The utility of political research stems from the fact that it helps men to decide upon the kind of political system they would prefer and to understand how to go about changing social policy to obtain it. The inspiration behind political science is clearly ethical. Political Science and Jurisprudence The state is a social phenomenon as well as a legal institution. From the legal point of view, the state is a person with rights and duties. It is a juristic personality subject to the process of law. The state operates through law and hence jurisprudence, as the science of law, is closely related to politics. Strictly jurisprudence is a subdivision of political science but on account of its vast scope and technical nature it is studied as a separate branch of study. Jurisprudence has several branches, namely, civil law, criminal law, constitutional law, international law etc. Constitutional law defines the organs of the state, their relations to one another, and the rights and duties of individuals. International law regulates the relations of states and various international organizations: If law influences politics, politics also influences law. Different political systems have different legal systems; Laws tend to be a reflex of a particular social pattern and are influenced by the nature of the political system. Political Science and Anthropology Anthropology deals with man as a social being. It deals with the origin, classification and relations of races, languages and cultures found in different localities. Politics uses the vast material gathered by anthropology. Physical anthropology dealing with the conditions of primitive men and their environment facilitates the study of the origin and evolution of various political institutions. Similarly social or cultural anthropology dealing with the growth and interpretation of customs, traditions, habits and religious beliefs etc., explains the forces and factors operating in political institutions. Anthropological data have assumed great importance in the study of the formation of national character. Political Science and Geography Many writers have emphasized the influence of geographical conditions and physical environment upon national character. Even national policies have been shown to be determined by such conditions. The influence of climate, topography, character of the soil, insularity, the presence or absence of mountains, rivers and outlets to the sea has been emphasized by various political thinkers from Aristotle to the present. Notable among them are Bodin, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Buckle. The emphasis upon geographical factors as determinants of state policy and governmental functioning has resulted in the development of a new science known as ‘Geopolitics’. Since territory is an important element of the state, geographical factors naturally influence political activities. These factors have assumed great significance especially in the field of defence strategy. Political Science and Statistics Statistics is concerned with systematic collection, analysis and presentation of numerical data. Von Mohl described statistics as a means through which a picture of existing political and social conditions could be obtained. Social phenomena and the results of governmental action are quantitatively measured by it. Statistical findings serve as a guide for administrative action, as a basis for legislation, and as a means for testing the expediency or effectiveness of political policies. Therefore, all governments collect statistical information concerning finance, trade, military and economic resources, social conditions of the people etc. Behavioural approach to the study of political science has put excessive stress on statistical methods (quantification, techniques), thereby contributing a lot to the scientific character of political science. The foregoing discussion clearly shows the intimate relation of political science to other social sciences. A proper understanding of political institutions, processes and phenomena calls for reliance upon a number of sister disciplines. Specialization of social sciences should not lead to narrow compartmentalization. Interdisciplinary approach to the study of social sciences has resulted in the blurring of rigid boundaries of various disciplines and highlighting the need for mutual exchange and interaction among social scientists.

Auditory processing in Speech Production

Auditory processing in Speech Production The integration of auditory feedback from self generated speech sounds into upcoming motor commands is important for the stability and control of speech production. For example, children with profound hearing impairment experience greater difficulty acquiring and maintaining speech than their normal hearing peers (Campisi, Low, Papsin, Mount, Harrison, 2006; Kishon-Rabin, Taitelbaum-Swead, Ezrati-Vinacour, Hildesheimer, 2005; Moeller, Hoover, Putman, Arbataitis, Bohnenkamp, Peterson, Lewis et al., 2007; Moeller, Hoover, Putman, Arbataitis, Bohnenkamp, Peterson, Wood et al., 2007). Also, adults with acquired hearing loss show a gradual degradation of their previously proficient articulatory ability that is partially restored after cochlear implantation (Kishon-Rabin, Taitelbaum, Tobin, Hildesheimer, 1999). The importance of auditory feedback for speech motor control in normal speakers has been demonstrated via perturbation studies. Various studies have shown the compensatory impact perturbing the volume (Bauer, Mittal, Larson, Hain, 2006), pitch (Burnett, Senner, Larson, 1997), phonetic accuracy (Houde Jordan, 1998) and timing (Jones Striemer, 2007) of auditory feedback has on the kinematic and acoustic outcomes of speech production in normal speakers. Computational neural network models of speech production have also been used to demonstrate the importance of auditory feedback for articulatory control (Guenther, Husain, Cohen, Shinn-Cunningham, 1999; Perkell et al., 2000). Perturbing the timing of auditory feedback in people who are fluent is known to induce a variety of articulation disturbances. Specifically, delayed auditory feedback varied between 200 ms and 400 ms during reading aloud results in a reduced number of correct words, increased total reading time, monosyllabic sound substitutions, omissions, insertions and additions including repetitions (Fairbanks, 1955; Fairbanks Guttman, 1958; B. S. Lee, 1950; B. S. Lee, 1951; Stuart, Kalinowski, Rastatter, Lynch, 2002; Yates, 1963). Conversely, delayed auditory feedback has been shown to positively influence speech fluency in people who stutter (Adamczyk, 1959; Kalinowski, Stuart, Sark, Armson, 1996; Ryan Van Kirk, 1974; Soderberg, 1968; Stuart, Kalinowski, Armson, Stenstrom, Jones, 1996; Stuart, Kalinowski, Rastatter, 1997). The degree of fluency enhancement varies depending on a number of variables (e.g. delay duration, feedback intensity), the context and the individual (Armson, Kiefte, Ma son, DeCroos, 2006; Wingate, 1970). As a result of the variable responses reported in the literature, the clinical effectiveness of altered auditory feedback as a treatment tool remains controversial (Antipova, Purdy, Blakeley, Williams, 2008; Lincoln, Packman, Onslow, 2006; ODonnell, Armson, Kiefte, 2008; Pollard, Ellis, Finan, Ramig, 2009; Stuart, Kalinowski, Rastatter, Saltuklaroglu, Dayalu, 2004; Stuart, Kalinowski, Saltuklaroglu, Guntupalli, 2006; Wingate, 1970). The basis for the variable response of adults who stutter to delayed auditory feedback is not known. Various theories have been put forward to describe how delayed auditory feedback induces fluent speech in some individuals who stutter. It has been proposed that delayed auditory feedback results in speech improvement by forcing the person who stutters to assume a new pattern of speech movement (Goldiamond, 1965). The new pattern is claimed to be established and maintained via operant learning principles with the delayed auditory feedback functioning as aversive negative reinforcement. As pointed out by Wingate (1970), the conceptualization of this process is unclear and incomplete. However, there is some evidence to support the claim that a new speech pattern is learned (Ryan Van Kirk, 1974). It has also been proposed that the delayed auditory feedback is corrective in nature thereby improving fluency. However, the contrary that delayed auditory feedback is distorted feedback seems to be obvious (Wingate, 1970). Some authors have posited that the key to delayed auditory feedback’s effectiveness is the reduction of meaningful feedback (Wingate, 1970) denying the person who stutters the ability to rely on this potentially inefficient control system. This assertion is somewhat supported by the observation that masking of auditory feedback also induces fluent speech in some individuals who stutter (Sutton Chase, 1961; Wingate, 1970). Lastly, it has been proposed that delayed auditory feedback is effective because of the tendency of individuals to slow their speech rate, prolong vowel duration and increase vocal intensity and fundamental frequency (Wingate, 1970). However, changes to speech characteristics such as a slower rate cannot be the only reason that delayed auditory feedback is effective, as it has been demonstrated to have similar fluency enhancing effects even at fast rates of speech (Kalinowski et al., 1996; Stuart et al., 2002). The effects of altered auditory feedback on speech fluency in people who stutter demonstrate the importance of auditory processing in the disorder. Advancing our understanding of the role auditory processing plays in the speech production of people who stutter may begin to elucidate the mechanisms behind fluency inducing altered auditory feedback. 1.5.2 Auditory processing in normal and stuttered speech production: Behavioural studies of auditory processing in adults and children who stutter have yielded evidence of central auditory processing differences in these populations relative to fluent age-matched peers. Rousey, Goetzinger and Dirks (1959) reported that 20 stuttering children showed below normal performance on sound localization. Lack of sound localization skills may be indicative of temporal lobe disorders (Jerger, Wekers, Sharbrough, Jerger, 1969). Various studies have employed batteries of audiometric tests to behaviourally evaluate central auditory processing in adults children who stutter. Rousey, Goetzinger and Dirks (1959) reported that 20 stuttering children showed below normal performance on sound localization. Hall and Jerger (1978) reported that adults who stutter performed poorly relative to fluent adults on a subset of such tests. They concluded that the results suggested the presence of a subtle central auditory processing deficit in adults who stutter. Anderson, Hood an d Sellers (1988) conducted a similar study and found that adolescents who stuttered performed poorly on only one subtest as compared to a group of age-matched control participants. They similarly concluded that if a deficit exists it is subtle. Evidence of a subtle central auditory processing deficit has also been demonstrated in children who stutter. For example, children who stutter have been found to have higher thresholds on backward masking tasks than children who do not stutter (Howell, Rosen, Hannigan, Rustin, 2000). Howell et al. also found a positive correlation between backward masking thresholds and stuttering severity in children who stutter. In a follow-up study Howell and Williams (2004) investigated children who stutter on a battery of audiometric tests including backward masking tasks. Based on the profile of performance on the audiometric battery of tests, Howell et al. (2004) reached the conclusion that children who stutter had a different developmental pattern of central auditory processing abilities relative to their fluently speaking age-matched peers but they did not specify the nature of that difference. More recently, central auditory functioning was evaluated behaviourally and with electroencephalography in adults who stutter (Hampton Weber-Fox, 2008). Behaviourally, adults who stutter performed less accurately and demonstrated longer reaction times in response to the prompt tone in a standard oddball paradigm. However, a small subgroup of adults who stutter was found to be driving the results. The same subgroup of poor performing adults who stutter also demonstrated abnormal evoked auditory waveforms. Hampton and Weber-Fox (2008) concluded that this subgroup demonstrated deficient non-linguistic auditory processing. Objective tests like AEPs are valid and useful measures to study auditory processing in persons with stuttering as they reflect changes in auditory system as stimuli is processed.

Love and Time in Rossettis Poems Essay -- Dante Gabriel Rossetti Poet

Love and Time in Rossetti's Poems It is evident that themes of love and time are frequently referred to in several of Rossetti’s poems and I believe that she treats these themes in a variety of ways. Regarding love, Rossetti explores the disappointment and betrayal caused by love, her love of God as though part of an intimate relationship and the temptation that love causes young women to abandon the traditional rules. Using seasonal imagery, Rossetti relates to time contradicting herself as she often implies that we should take time to enjoy and observe life whilst she also states that she is unable to be satisfied with earthly life and it is death that will provide the ultimate fulfilment. Aware of the inevitable that seasons will always change and can never be controlled, Rossetti uses the motif of life cycles in order to demonstrate that we should be satisfied with all that God provided us with on earth. â€Å"Life nursed in its grave by death†, In ‘Spring’ Rossetti implies a significant image that death is the protector of life and nurtures new growing life. Supporting this in ‘Bitter for sweet’, Rossetti stimulates us not to rush through life but observe more and slow down, â€Å"Its sun and perfumes and sweet flowers†. Demonstrating that rapid changes in life take place and as humans we never notice these Rossetti chose to present this poem in only 8 lines, however in this she progresses through 4 months. This conveys that cycles are to be anticipated and using a passage of time through seasons she is able to symbolise the journey through life, â€Å"And even autumn closes†. Looking back at her life in regret in ‘Another Spring’ she confesses â€Å"If I might see another Spring/ I’d listen to the daylight birds†... ...ing to look forward to as she believes that death will enable her a truly satisfying life. To conclude, I believe that Rossetti treats the theme of time by creating a parallel to the inevitability of seasons emphasizing that with all good comes bad and that however hard you try to control life, it never stands still and you will never be able to turn back in time. Presenting her warnings about love and her doubts that she will ever find happiness, Rossetti treats the theme of love as a challenge as she states that if you are able to find love on earth, you are lucky and therefore able to enjoy your time on earth. However if like Rossetti you are unable to find your perfect partner, you may resolve into finding your faith in God as inevitably no one will ever match up to him and he is responsible for our happiness whether we find it on earth or by death.

One Day at Work Essay -- Descriptive Writing Examples

One Day at Work Every day, I followed the same old routine. Get up, eat breakfast, find my work vest, get dressed, leave. White polo shirt, jeans, and sneakers. Little red PharMor vest. Every single day. No variation, no chance for change or creativity. When working somewhere as mundane as a grocery store, you almost pray that something exciting happens to you during the day. But never does a cashier hope to encounter a tremendously irascible customer, the way that one summer day turned out for me. I followed my humdrum routine, arriving for work on time, punching in, and returning to the front to begin my shift. The store was mostly calm, except for the constant beeping of the registers, the bickering of elderly couples, and the hum of activity swirling about the manager's desk. In other words, there was nothing out of the ordinary at all at good old PharMor. I was used to the noise, to the persnickety comments from customers, and to our sarcastic managers. Just when I thought I'd heard every possible complaint, seen every possible accident - it got worse. ...

African Americans unnoticed :: Essays Papers

African Americans unnoticed For too many years, African Americans have lived without knowing the people who have influenced their way of life. We walk around without taking the time to appreciate the people that have allowed us to go to these black colleges and universities, or the African Americans that have dedicated life their to make life better for all mankind as well as blacks. Women as well men have gone out of their way to make life better for their future. We know that women have influenced life from the beginning of time whether the role of the women is a mother, wife, doctor, or educator. But women have not always been able to advance in society, as men have been able to. As a black women I am proud to hear of women such as Lucy Laney, who she dedicated her life to get funding for black Georgia schools. She believed that women are better teachers than men and that an educated Negro woman is what is needed to teach students of all ages. Annie Julia Cooper was an active participant in the women's organizations in the 1980s. She believed that higher education of the black woman was too rare and did what she could so that young women like me can attend college. Fannie Barrier Williams realized that racism was a major problem, but also realized that sexism was an even greater problem in equality. For, as she said, "to be a colored woman is to be discredite d, mistrusted and often meanly hated." Through times of strife and stress she worked, sometimes successfully, to eliminate discrimination against black women. Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., and Stokely Carmicheal; these names when said are ones to which black people respond to, because all of these men improved social conditions for African Americans. All were part of large organized mass movement in black history. Each on of these men played a different part in influencing black America. Washington was skilled at politics. He was powerful and influential in both the black and white communities, Washington was a confidential advisor to presidents. DuBois was a public speaker who noted how America tactically sidestepped the issues of color, and how his approach of "educate and agitate" appeared to fall on deaf ears. Marcus Garvey drawing on a gift for oratory, he created "Garveyism" eventually evolved into a religion of success, inspiring millions of black people worldwide who sought relief from racism and colonialism.

Decades Have Witnessed an Acceleration of Economic Globalisation

‘Recent decades have witnessed an acceleration of economic globalisation, in particular international trade. Is trade openness the key strategy to achieve economic development? What lessons could you draw for policymaking? Support your arguments with economic theory and empirical evidence from developing countries’. Introduction In this essay, I shall critically examine the statement put forward – and test whether trade openness is the key strategy to achieving economic development, and from this consider whether we can conduct further analysis upon whether there are any lessons that can be obtained from this in regards to policy making.To focus our discussion; using relevant empirical evidence, I will relate this essay primarily towards developing countries, enabling us to gain a clear understanding of the task at hand. It is of importance that we first briefly explore how the literature define and pursue globalisation; this is done in the next section. The remai nder of the essay will be dedicated on segments on economic theory of international trade, the relationship between trade openness and economic growth, we will then draw upon empirical evidence, the negatives of trade openness, and lessons for policy making.Finally I will offer my concluding remarks. Before delving into the core aspect of the essay, it’s essential to consider the underlying reason towards trade liberalisation in international trade; globalisation and also provide a definition of trade openness. Globalisation can be considered as an important rhetoric of contemporary international relations. The term globalisation is often invoked to describe the process of increasing interdependence and global enmeshment through a variety of economic, cultural, social and, political changes that have shaped the world over the past five decades. Hurrell & Woods, 1995; Guttal, 2007) Globalisation is considered a form of capitalist expansion that entails the integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy through an increase in international trade by increases in exports and imports of nations which has been widely regarded as being facilitated by international trade agreements post world-war II. The extent of integration is outlined in table 1 where we can see that there has been increase in the ratio of trade to gross domestic product (GDP) when integration had been apparent from 1870 up until 1914 the eve of World-War I.Integration was halted during the periods of the two world wars and the era of the Great Depression. During this period protectionism was rife, which saw the integration of trade and foreign asset ownership revert back close to their levels in 1870. (Dollar, 2005) Table 1: Measures of Global integration Adapted from Dollar (2005) Table 1: Measures of Global integration Adapted from Dollar (2005) In recent decades there have been various literatures invoking continuous debate discussing whether there is positive correlation between economic growth and trade openness.Advocates thoroughly support that trade liberalisation induces an increase in economic growth; whilst critics hold that protectionism is the essence to increased economic growth. The WTO (World Trade Organisation) and GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) have shaped and influenced the integration of global markets through much debate, discussion and reciprocation, agreements have been established, aiming to promote the vision and objective of trade openness by lowering barriers to trade.Developing countries have been primarily on the agenda throughout the history of the GATT and WTO in order to promote development in these countries as WTO’s Mike Moore as cited in Rodrik (2001) puts it, â€Å"the surest way to do more to help the poor is to continue to open markets. † Trade Liberalisation Paradigm Vs. Protectionism Paradigm â€Å"More open and outward- oriented economies consistently outperfor m countries with restrictive trade and [foreign] investment regimes. † OECD (1998, pp. 6, cited in Rodriguez & Rodrik,1999) â€Å"Policies toward foreign trade are among the more important factors promoting economic growth and convergence in developing countries. † IMF (1997, pp. 84, cited in Rodriguez & Rodrik, 1999) Despite such claims, historically during the 1960s, and 1970s although the GATT aided the reduction of trade barriers, it was apparent that many developing nations continued to venture in the protectionist perspective to facilitate in driving economic growth.Nations in Latin America and in some African and Asian nations embraced the idea of f Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI). ISI refers to a trade and economic policy based on the premise that a developing country should attempt to substitute products which it imports (mostly finished goods) with locally produced substitutes. This often times involves government subsidies, high tariff barriers an d/or artificially maintained domestic currencies to protect local industries. (Kulkarni and Meister, 2009)Economic authors such as Trebilcock and Howse (1999) hold that their reasoning for adopting such an approach to international trade is that with trade liberalisation protectionist tariffs would have to be reduced, which would in turn hurt domestic production as imports would be considered more attractive than domestic; therefore affecting the long run economic growth of their nation. â€Å"tariffs on industrial products have fallen steeply and now average less than 5% in industrial countries. During the first 25 years after the war, world economic growth averaged about 5% per year, a high rate that was partly the result of lower trade barriers.World trade grew even faster, averaging about 28% during the period. † (Rivera and Olivia, 2004, p. 78) It’s apparent by data presented by Rivera and Oliva (2004) and linked with data available in table 1 that since after the world war policies adopted to ensure unrestricted flow of products and services consequently lead to global competition and innovation which benefits all involved. Krugman (1986) further elaborates that with such trade liberalisation that there are a number of key benefits. Firstly, due to economies of scale enjoyed by nations, economies are able to gain from their comparative advantage.Secondly, there is a rise in intra-industry trade, increasing product differentiation enabling consumer satisfaction to be increased. Finally as Porter (1990) establishes, trade liberalisation ensures nations adopt sound economic policies to increase competitive advantage to ensure foreign investment occurs in their economy. Theoretical Considerations To elaborate on the points made above it’s essential to consider the theories of international trade, as comparative advantage is an important concept for explaining pattern of trade.David Ricardo firstly introduces the concept of comparative ad vantage. It is then well recognized as the Ricardian model. In the neoclassical theory of international trade, Heckscher and Ohlin examine the effect of different factor endowments on international trade. – Theory of Competitive Advantage The basic idea of premise of Ricardo’s model boasts that comparative advantage postulates that a nation will export the goods or services in which it has its greatest comparative advantage and import those in which it has the least comparative advantage. (Ricardo, 1817 cited in Widodo, 2009)For example, it takes less productive inputs to produce clothes in China than in Great Britain. However it takes less productive inputs to produce bread in Great Britain than in China. Given this comparative advantage these China and Great Britain can increase their welfare of consumption by specialising in clothing and bread respectively and trade them. The overall gain from this is that greater economic growth can be attained through the utilisat ion of other economies comparative advantage. – Factor Endowment theory Coque et al. (2003) furthers the comparative advantage model outlined byRicardo criticising one area by stating that comparative advantages arise only because international differences in labour productivity. Coque et al. continues by expressing that in the real world, trade also reflects differences in countries’ resources: not only labour, but also other factors of production such as land, capital and mineral resources. The basic premise of this theory is centred that a country will tend to produce relatively more of goods that use its abundant resources intensively. For example, consider two goods and two factors of production (land and labour).The two goods have different factor intensities, that is production of one of the goods use a higher ratio of land to labour than the production of the other. The nation in question has an abundance of land, therefore would specialise in the production of this good which uses land intensively. Husain (2007) identifies that from these free-trade models, countries gain from trade and world output is increased; that the countries will tend to specialise in products that use their resources abundantly; and given identical technologies and production throughout the world, factor prices will equalize across trading countries.By enabling countries to move beyond their production possibility frontiers trade is assumed to stimulate growth by securing capital as well as consumption goods from other parts of the world. Trade thus stimulates economic growth, promotes and rewards those activities in which the country has relative abundance of factors of production. As developing countries poses labour in abundant supply their wages will rise and the majority of the population will be better off compared to no trade scenario. Empirical EvidenceTrade liberalisation and growth In regards to the protectionism and trade liberalisation paradigms discu ssed, a key case study is that of Pakistan. Pakistan’s international trading policy consisted of ensuring a highly protective trade regime until the late 1980s. Tariff rates were excessively high and non-tariff barriers kept competing imports away from the domestic markets. It was only in the 1990s that trade liberalization policies were initiated. During the period of protection the manufacturing and tax revenues grew by less than 5% annually.Once the tariff reforms were adopted manufacturing, revenues and exports have all grown in double digits. This correlation shows that despite the perceived views that protectionism protected the domestic, once policies that promoted trade openness were in place, exports within Pakistan actually increased, due to the comparative advantages they would have held in certain industries. Per Capita GDP Growth Rates, by Country Type, 1990s (%), based on GDP in purchasing power parity terms)Per Capita GDP Growth Rates, by Country Type, 1990s (% ), based on GDP in purchasing power parity terms) Figure 1: Per capita GDP Growth Rates by country type in the 1990s Adapted from Dollar (2005) Figure 1: Per capita GDP Growth Rates by country type in the 1990s Adapted from Dollar (2005) Dollar (2005) furthers this argument by presenting evidence from figure 1, which shows three categories; Rich countries (developed industrialised nations), other developing nations (Lack of trade openness) and developing country globalizers (those who have adopted trade openness policy).From the evidence provided it is clear that developing nations that have reformed their trading policies to enable them to become more open have grew substantially than their other developing counterparts who did not. Prabirjit (2007) further adds credence to this discussion by providing empirical evidence on cross-country study of averages and panel regression analysis for a sample of 51 less-developed countries over a uniform time period 1981-2002. Like many other works in this field, the results from this study shows that a country with a higher trade share based on openness tends to experience a higher real growth.Trade liberalisation and inequality Although we’ve been able to provide empirical evidence upon the growth benefits of trade openness, many analysts are legitimately concerned about the effects of trade liberalisation on the distribution of income. Research shows that there’s no evidence of a systematic tendency for inequality to increase when international trade increases. If we consider figure 2, this figure reflects the experiences of more than 100 countries, with changes in trade and changes in inequality measured over periods of at least five years in order to capture long-run relationship between trade and inequality.From the figure 1 we can see that there is no real correlation between changes in trade and changes in inequality. Figure 2: Changes in trade and income inequality Adapted from Dollar and Kraay (20 01a) Figure 2: Changes in trade and income inequality Adapted from Dollar and Kraay (2001a) Trade liberalisation and Poverty Reduction One of the most common criticisms of trade liberalization and globalization, particularly in developed countries, is that it drives down wages and exports jobs to low wage economies.As we’ve analysed the combination of increases in growth has little systematic change in inequality, now with such results can we expect to see a reduction in poverty for developing countries. In Malaysia, for example, the average income of the poorest fifth of the population grew at a robust 5. 4% annually. Even in China, where inequality did increase sharply and the income growth rate of the poorest fifth lagged behind average income growth, incomes of the poorest fifth still grew at 3. 8%annually. (Clift and Diehl, 2007)The fraction of the population of these countries living below the $1 a day poverty threshold fell sharply between the 1980s and the 1990s: from 43%to 36% in Bangladesh, from 20% to 15% in China, and from 13% to 10% in Costa Rica. Dollar and Kraay (2002) and Ravallion (2001) support the hypothesis that mean incomes of the poor rise and poverty rates decline with the rise in overall mean incomes. But state reliance on cross – country evidence to make inferences about specific instance is not helpful. Apparent factors which impair the effects of trade liberalisationNugent (2002) identifies factors which affect the effects of trade openness for example a trade liberalization program may have been well-designed but initiated at the wrong time. Arguments about comparative advantage and gains from trade are more plausible when real world conditions approximate those of the theoretical models used to justify them, namely, equilibrium at full employment. Yet, it was during the extremely turbulent and depression-like conditions of the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s that most of the Latin American countries and transition e conomies of Central and Eastern Europe initiated their trade liberalization programs.Nugent states that one problem is that in such turbulent circumstances, often before stabilisation has been achieved and when both inflation rates and relative prices are very volatile, the price signals exerted by the trade liberalization measures may be either misleading or too noisy to have the â€Å"right† effects on resource allocation. This can be an argument for delaying trade liberalization until after stabilization can be achieved. But, if trade liberalization is delayed, it may mean that the stabilization programs that help raise the prospects for future growth and stimulate investments will do so in the â€Å"wrong sectors†.Yet, the currency depreciation required to offset reductions in tariff equivalents may also trigger inflation. Clearly, there are tradeoffs and problems inherent in these inevitable interdependencies. But, whether, stabilisation occurs before, after or si multaneously with trade liberalization (if at all), it suggests that the need for a well-articulated, coherent and credible program is even greater than would be the case if trade liberalization was to start from a stable, full employment economy.A second problem in which Nugent (2002) identifies is that trade liberalization, and capital market liberalization, is likely to increase the vulnerability of the economy to new kinds of shocks. These shocks can easily be very challenging to policy makers and make it even harder to stick with reforms. Both Chile of the 1970s and Mexico of the mid-1990s were heavily indebted and then buffeted by unexpected shocks in the form of higher interest rates in the US. Indeed, some analysts blame the setbacks of Mexico and Chile in their trade liberalization programs simply to bad luck.Even if this is not entirely true, it is quite true that even if the trade liberalization programs had been well-designed for normal condition over time, they may not have been sufficiently well designed to also withstand the severe external shocks that may be more likely to come in a liberalized economy. Lessons for Policy Makers The weight of evidence suggests that openness to trade is good for growth and that growth benefits the poor. But to enjoy the full benefits of trade liberalization, McCulloch et. al. 2011) state it should be accompanied by sound policies in areas such as transport and communications infrastructure, market facilitation, competition, education and governance. In order to boost the competitive advantage qualities of the environment – subsequently increasing investment within the nation. McCulloch et al (2011) further state that trade liberalization can change the nature of the risk and uncertainty that poor households face although not always for the worse. It can also affect their ability to cope with risk and uncertainty.Policies such as improving access to credit markets can help a great deal here along with impr ovements in asset distribution and in the flexibility of local labour markets. Conclusion In essence to conclude, in comparison to protectionist international trade policies, from empirical evidence presented trade openness as a whole can be considered as a key strategy to achieve economic development, as we have been able to witness an increase of imports for developing nations which in turn increases efficiency and reduces costs, which can be considered more effective than import substitution policies.However as established in this paper, there are various factors in which can affect the effectiveness of trade liberalisation policies, which policy makers must take into consideration. References Clift, J. and Diehl, E. (2007) Financial Globalization: A compilation of articles from Finance & Development Washington, D. C. : International Monetary Fund Dollar, D. , 2005, Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980, World Bank Research Observer, 20 (2): 145-175 Dollar, D. & Kraay , A. (2002)   Growth Is Good for the Poor  Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 7(3), pages 195-225, September.Guttal, S. (2007) Globalisation Development in Practice, Vol. 17, No. 4/5, pp. 523-531 Hurrell, A. and Woods, N. (1995) Globalisation and Inequality, Millennium 24(3): 447–70. Husain, I. (2007) TRADE LIBERALIZATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION RECENT EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN National level seminar on Trade and Economic Growth Linkages, Quai d-e-Azam University at Islamabad. Jose & Garcia, M. & Coque, A. (2003) Trade and Domestic Policies in Open Economy Available at: www. napcsyr. org/†¦ /tm_trade_domestic_policies_in_open_economy_en. pdf Khan, A. H. , Malik, A. and Hasan, A. H. 1995) Exports, Growth and Causality Pakistan Development Review 34(4): 1001-1012 Krugman, P. (1986) Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics MIT Kulkarni, K and Meister, K. P. (2009) Trouble with Import Substitution and Protectionism: A Case of Indian Economy McCulloch NA, Winters LA and Cirera X (2001) Trade Liberalization and Poverty: A Handbook London, Centre for Economic and Policy Research Nugent, J. B. , (2002) Trade Liberalization: Winners and Losers, Success and Failures, Implications for SMEs Forum Series on the Role of Institutions in Promoting Economic Growth, Washington, D.C. Porter, M. E. (1990) The competitive advantage of nations: with a new introduction Free Press,  New York Prabirjit, P. (2007) Trade Openness and Growth: Is There Any Link? MPRA Paper  4997, University Library of Munich, Germany. Ravallion, M. (2001) Growth, Inequality and Poverty: Looking Beyond Averages World Development, 29(11), 1803-1815. Rivera-Batiz, L. A. & Oliva, M. A. (2004) International trade: Theories, strategies and evidence. London: Oxford University Press. Rodrik, D, (2001). The Global Governance of Trade As If Development Really Mattered. Background Paper. New York.United Nations Development Programme. Rodriguez, F. & Rodrik, D . (1999) Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skepticaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Guide to The Cross-National Evidence. In Bernanke, B. S. and Rogoff, K. (Eds. ), NBER Macroeconomics Annua, 2000 (pp. 325-336). London: The MIT Press. Trebilcock,  M. J. and Howse,  R. (1999) The Regulation of International Trade  London: Routledge Widodo, T. (2009) Comparative Advantage: Theory, Empirical Measures And Case Studies  Review of Economic and Business Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 4, pages 57-82, November.

“What About Bob” Vs. “A Beautiful Mind”

Comparison Paper Watching these two movies, â€Å"What about Bob? † And â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† really opens your eyes to problems that many people In our world face throughout their daily lives. These movies provide us with an opportunity to become better acquainted with the reality of disorders and help us realize that real people do struggle with these issues and that these issues can affect the person themselves or their family or even their psychiatrist.But what we also can learn from these movies is that everyone, even people with disorders, can contribute good things to the world around them. In â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† John Nash Is a smart man who soon develops schizophrenia. His schizophrenia consists of seeing people and believing people are out to get him. His schizophrenia becomes so bad that it burdens his wife and friends. It becomes difficult for his wife to love him and she is uncomfortable around him. At one point in the movie, his delusions caus e him to almost drown his baby and cause him to knock his wife on the ground.John Nash, after going to a mental hospital, and seeing a therapist, still had bad delusions, but, he was so smart that he himself figured out owe to Ignore his delusions and continue on with life semi-normally. Although Nash still has schizophrenia he is still super intelligent and uses his intelligence too help the world around him. Nash goes on to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work on game theory, which helps with economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic and biology.The Nobel Prize is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics, generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field. Receiving this award proves that even though Nash has a reverie disorder he Is still able to contribute a lot to the world around him. John Nash also contributes his knowledge to young college students. Nash, after figuring out how to control his delusio ns began again working at Princeton university as a professor. Being a professor at an Ivy League school like Princeton is a pretty admirable accomplishment.Teaching college at the Ivy League level is definitely contributing to the world around him, because, not only is he teaching the younger generation, he Is teaching some of the smartest people in the world. Now, because of Nash these students can go into the real world having learned very valuable information. Lastly, John Nash contributed something good to a very close part of his world. John Nash was married and his wife loved him very much. Although his schizophrenia was a burden to his wife and the love between them, she still loved him very much and wanted to be with him.He gave his wife love, which, I think Is the best thing you can give to someone. In â€Å"What About Bob? † Bob Wiley Is a man with separation anxiety disorder and many phobias. Because of these problems, Bob, is always apprehensive and in a state of panic. Bob is a very difficult client for therapists because he becomes so attached to people. He drove away his first therapist and caused his second one, Dry. Marvin, to go insane. Although Bob is annoying to be around and causes problems for some people, he also helps people Marvin tried numerous times to teach Saggy how to dive into the lake but he was unsuccessful.Bob tried to teach Saggy how to dive and he was successful. While trying to teach him how to dive, Bob realized that he is afraid of docks and water and diving into the water. Bobs fears make Saggy want to teach him that it's not that scary. So while showing Bob how to dive, Saggy Inadvertently teaches himself to not be scared and he couldn't have done it without Bob. Bob also brought Joy to Dry. Margin's family. Although, Dry. Marvin was not very fond of Bob, Bob made the Marvin family happy and helped them to really enjoy their vacation because of his personality.He brought Joy to them because they all came togethe r and kind of took Bob in and took care of him; he was like another child in the family. Dry. Margin's wife enjoyed Bob's resend so much that she invited him to stay for dinner and then sleepover their house one night. Dry. Margin's daughter also enjoyed Bob's presence so much that she invited him to hangout with her and her friends on their sailboat. Despite Mr.. Marvin hating him, Bob helps him in a few ways. The first way Bob helps Dry. Marvin is during dinner one night. Dry. Marvin is choking on food and Bob saves him by giving him the Heimlich.Although this really has nothing to do with Bob's disorder it still shows that he can do good things for the people around him. Bob also helped Dry. Marvin with his interview on Good Morning America. Bob was originally not supposed to be in the interview but because of his attachment to Dry. Marvin he got himself on the show. At first Dry. Marvin thought that this was an awful idea but soon that proved to be wrong. Dry. Marvin froze up an d didn't know what to say while Bob, posing as Dry. Margin's patient, talks very highly of the Dry. Margin's book and talks about how good of a therapist he is. Bob's presence on this show really helped Dry.Marvin look really good to everyone. Both of these movies present us with characters that have pretty severe disorders in their respective spectrums of severity. These movies show us how their disorders really make daily life difficult for them and others surrounding them. While showing the bad sides of their disorders these movies also show their good sides and what they can offer to the world and everyone around them. I have grown up with and around people with disorders and disabilities and I know for a fact that each person, even with a disorder, can contribute something special and unique to the world.

Understanding Leadership Styles

Understanding leadership styles within an organisation Set out here the various leadership styles ie Alimo Metcalfe The engaging leadership model. Also add afew more . The set the scene for LBE Ethos for leadership. Followed by my own style of management and what impact that as on the team. This assignment will firstly address the meaning of leadership, followed The Leadership role is said to be â€Å"the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans and motivating people† (Us Army handbook 1973Miltary Leadership) There are said to be three styles of leadership, 1, Authoritarian or Autocratic , Participative or democratic 3, Delegative or free reign Good leaders are said to use all three styles of leadership, with one being more dominate than the others. Leaders that tend not to be good at their role tend to use only one style. Authoritarian This style is used when the leader tells an employee what she/he wants done and how of this method is when you have all the information to solve the problem but there is little time and the employees are well motivated.This style should only be used on rare occasions. This can be used if staff needs to be instructed to complete a piece of work. Participative This leadership style involves the leader and one or more employee, in the decision making. However it is the leader that makes the final decision. This method is used when the leader has part of the information and the employees have the other. The leader does not have to know everything; hence the employee being a knowledgeable and skilful employee could assist the leader.Using this style is of a mutual benefit, as it allows the employee to feel part of a team and allows the leader to make better decisions. This style of managing is useful if you wish the staff to be involved in the decision making and allows the staff to be part of the team. It also enables the managers to utilise the skills, experience and expertise within the team. Delegativ e In this style the leader allows the employee to make the decision. The leader however remains responsible for the decisions that are made.This method can be used when the employees are able to analyse the situation and decides what is to e done and how to do it, it allows for the leader to set priorities and delegate certain tasks. This should be used when there is full trust and confidence in the employee. The forces that influence the style to be used are: * How much time is available * Are relationship based on respect and trust or on disrespect and mistrust. * Who has the information * How well employees are trained and how well they know the task. * Internal conflicts Stress levels * Type of task i. e. structured, unstructured, complicated, or simple. * Laws or established procedures. In using this style of managing is what you would want to have within your team, but this would be dependant on the member of staff, their skills, experience and whether they can be trusted to c arry out their task. The London Borough of Enfield has devised a document called the â€Å"Councils Leadership Competencies Framework, which describes the competencies and levels that they want their leaders to aspire to.The framework has been developed to reflect the council’s ethos and the major changes that are to take place within the council, with a shrinking budget and resources and an ever more rising demands on our services. The model that the council promotes is one that gives leaders the opportunity to analyses their leadership roles and responsibility. The London Borough of Enfield has thirteen competencies within the framework. These are arranged in four clusters, Personal Resources, Core Behaviours, Leadership and Technical and Professionals Skills. There is an expectation that as managers we will adopt this style of leadership. Views a

Critical Analysis of Mrs Lazarus Essay

Next line portrays that she must have got married on the day that her husband died if she had ripped her wedding clothes from her body. This stanza provides the reader with physicality by the use of the words â€Å"ripped†, â€Å"howled†, â€Å"shrieked†, â€Å"clawed†, â€Å"retched† etc. – onomatopoeic – portray a violent narrator. â€Å"howled†, â€Å"clawed† – anthropomorphic. Repetition – â€Å"over and over†, â€Å"dead, dead†. – symbolise that she thought of him repeatedly. This stanza displays as her almost hating him because he died. Sentence Structure – Short sentence to start – illustrates immediacy. Long sentence follows – symbolising how long she has grieved over the one she had lost – how long the process of recovery had been. Language – emotional, aggressive, sinister, chilling. Overall tone – depressing, graphic/gruesome. Themes – death, sorrow, aftermath. Stanza 2 Remains in past tense. â€Å"Gutted† – associated with gutting fish – unpleasant – symbolising destruction of her home. Colour change from â€Å"white† to â€Å"dark† – conveys â€Å"white† as being before he died (symbol of purity, holiness), and â€Å"dark† as the world she is in now that he is gone (symbol of evil, desperation) Symbolism of isolation – â€Å"Single cot† (relates to Mrs Quasimodo i. e. â€Å"Single silver fish†), â€Å"widow†, â€Å"one empty glove†, â€Å"half† – sense of her feeling incomplete. â€Å"White femur†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ bones – â€Å"dust† – ashes – relates to the fact that her husband is now reduced to this because he is dead. â€Å"Stuffed dark suits into black bags† – implies a murder? Could reveal her suicidal nature – her husband’s death had, inevitably, driven her to her own death. â€Å"noosed the double knot of the tie round my bare neck† – the only way she can dispel the isolation is to kill herself. â€Å"double† – sense of being whole again. Sense that her grieving continues. bare neck† refers back to the 1st stanza where she had stripped herself of her clothes. Sentence Structure – Short, simplistic, reflecting a child’ s dialect i. e. â€Å" Gone home† Language – unemotional – could symbolise her method of recuperation Overall tone – graphic, angry, vengeful, remorseful Themes – neglect, isolation, suicide Stanza 3 Continues on from second stanza. Religious reference – â€Å"gaunt nun† – reference to her imposed celibacy (duty to stay faithful to her dead husband). â€Å"Stations of Bereavement† – relates to Stations of the Cross – symbolising that she, like Jesus, has to struggle. icon of my face† relates to statues and figures in churches – also implies that her facial expression remains the same since the day of her husband’s death. â€Å"touching herself† – conveys that the only pleasure she is able to achieve would be by touching herself. Following lines imply that these were the only memories that she had of him i. e. he â€Å"dwindled† away. Her only memories of him were of his illness. â€Å"shrun k to the size of a snapshot† – modernisation – a picture remains only a memory, as had Mrs Lazarus’s husband. Sentence Structure – Long – broken with commas – symbolises constant bereavement Language – religious, frustrated yet sorrowful, modern Overall tone – frustrated, resentful Themes – celibacy, religion Stanza 4 Continues from third stanza with repletion of â€Å"going† – displays the fact that she does not feel as though he is gone yet. Tangible memories of Lazarus i. e. the hair fallen from his head, his scent – both vanishing – â€Å"the last hair†, â€Å"his scent went†. Imagery of their disappearing marriage – no value, no meaning. â€Å"ring† – supposed to symbolise eternal love – conventional meaning is diminished in this case. He is no longer worth anything to her as he is now only a â€Å"small zero†. Sentence Structure – Becoming shorter as she begins to forget about him. She is beginning to dismiss him from her life. Language – dismissive, unemotional Overall tone – guilt-free, disgusted Themes – independence Stanza 5 â€Å"Then he was gone† – simplistic – sense of immediacy, perhaps unexpected – he exists no more. â€Å"legend† – forgotten – he became just words – â€Å"language†. â€Å"schoolteacher† – perhaps he had taught her something in her life? â€Å"man’s strength† – protection But I was faithful for as long as it took† – as long as what took? Perhaps premeditated murder? Religious reference â€Å"faithful† – to whom? God? Lazarus? â€Å"Until he was a memory† – it took quite a while for her to come to terms with everything – perhaps she was trying to remain celibate? Sentence Structure – varied length – symbolise the normality of her life now. Language – settled (i. e. no anger, no strong emotion) Overall tone – defensive – â€Å"But I was faithful for as long as it took† Themes – deceit Stanza 6 Setting of scene – â€Å"field†, â€Å"moon† – night time Personification of atmosphere – â€Å"fine air† Observing and admiring landscape. â€Å"shouting† – disruption of new â€Å"healed† life. Were the men coming for her? Why were they shouting? Sentence Structure – Long, flows – illustrate the calm serenity of her current life – until the interruption of shouting men. Language – calm, descriptive Overall tone – serene Themes – admiration of the simple things in life Stanza 7 Continues from stanza 6. Images of people chasing her. Building up of tension – repetition of â€Å"I knew†. Personification of light – â€Å"sly† – even the light had betrayed her – labelled her as the wife of an ill man. shrill eyes† – piercing into her – evil – undeserved – highlights that the community had a prejudice of her husband because of his illness. Overwhelmed by crowds of people – feels consumed by the â€Å"hot tang† and the â€Å"hands bearingâ₠¬  her. Sentence Structure – varied. Broken with commas to illustrate the break in her normality. Language – anxious Overall tone – fearful Themes – betrayal Stanza 8 Illustrates the resurrection of her husband. â€Å"He lived† – shock, disbelief. â€Å"the horror on his face† – even he was terrified of her situation. She cannot escape the memory of him, no matter how far away he may seem. saw†, â€Å"heard†, â€Å"breathed† – use of the senses – immediacy – â€Å"rotting†. This stanza could be her mind revisiting the memory of Lazarus’s dead body. This could symbolise her reuniting with him – her escape from isolation. From beyond the grave, Lazarus maintains control over Mrs Lazarus – she is unable to rid him from her mind – eternally married to him – so she must be faithful. Does love defy death? Sentence Structure – Long – symbolise the return of bereavement. Language – graphic/gruesome – to describe disfigured body/their love Overall tone â₠¬â€œ depressing, horrific

Global Communication Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Communication Strategies - Essay Example Experts attribute these challenges to VUCA, which is, volatile, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. The company emphasises on global interactions by its employees. The employees should demonstrate they have the ability to interact with other foreign communities, and be able to understand their language. In addition, the company offers its employees with intercultural literature for the purpose of studies (Daniel, 1975). The company often faces ethnocentrism barrier. It is hard for the employees to interact with other cultures because of the presence of individuals ethnocentrism. It is a belief that a persons culture is more superior to another. The barrier has prevented progression of interactions. In addition, the company is facing the barrier of intercultural communication apprehension. Majority of foreign cultures are anxious when it comes to anticipation of communication between people of different cultures. Those with higher apprehension are less likely to be sociable. The company relied on various strategies to help sort the barriers. There are two strategies; push and pull. The company focused on pull strategy. The strategy advocates for a network approach. Experts argued that the push strategy was more hierarchical. In addition, the business is supporting the idea bridging different cultures. Pull strategy is the best to create a bridge. It will assist the business develop more customised goods and services that would serve all cultures (Bollier,