Philippine Traditions: The Greatest Heritage

The Philippines has vast practices, traditions, and cultures. They existed a hundred years ago or may be thousands but they are still practiced up to now. It is like a legacy which is passed on from generation to generation. Usually, it is the old folks who relate these traditions over and over again. On my Grandma’s burial, her valued possessions are also buried in her grave. I asked my Mama why they have to do that and she simply answered, â€Å"So that she can bring it with her as she leaves us†. Well, we all know that a dead person cannot do that. The truth is, those things will only decay in there but to the Filipinos, it has a great significance and we can never question that. Another Filipino heritage which is highly valued in wedding custom is the â€Å"Pamamanhikan†. It is where the would-be groom with his parents goes to the house of the would-be bride to seek the blessing of her parents. It is also in this point when both parties formally set plans for the upcoming wedding. This symbolizes honor and respect to the parents of the couples. There are also certain Filipino habits that foreigners find them overwhelming. For example, when a visitor comes in, the family serves every delicacy and every mouth-watering Filipino cuisine that they can so as to please the visitor. He’ll be attended to the most comfortable room available and all his needs are served with delight and a warm smile. No wonder, Filipinos are known for their hospitality.

Types of spoofing

Chapter 2: Types of Spoofing2.1 Distributed Denial of Service AttackThe IP spoofing is largely used in Distributed denial of service onslaughts ( DDoS ) , in which hackers are concerned with devouring bandwidth and resources by deluging the mark host machine with as many packages as possible in a short span of clip. To efficaciously carry oning the onslaught, hackers spoof beginning IP addresses to do tracing and halting the DDoS every bit hard as possible. Here the aggressor scans internet and identifies the hosts with known exposures and compromise them to put in onslaught plan and so exploits the exposures to derive the root entree. [ 6 ]2.2 Non-blind spoofingThis type of onslaught takes topographic point when the hacker is on the same subnet as the mark that can see sequence and recognition of every package. This type of spoofing is session commandeering and an aggressor can short-circuit any hallmark steps taken topographic point to construct the connexion. This is achieved by p erverting the DataStream of an established connexion, so re-establishing it based on right sequence and acknowledgement Numberss with the onslaught host machine.2.2 Blind spoofingThis type of onslaughts may take topographic point from outside where sequence and acknowledgement Numberss are non approachable. Hackers normally send several packages to the mark host machine in order to try sequence Numberss, which is suited in old yearss. Now a yearss, about every OSs implement random sequence figure coevals for the packages, doing it hard to foretell the sequence figure of packages accurately. If, nevertheless, the sequence figure was compromised, information can be sent to the mark host machine.2.4 Man in the Middle AttackThis onslaught is besides known as connexion oriented highjacking. In this onslaught chiefly the aggressor or the interrupter will assail the legal communicating between two parties and eliminates or modifies the information shared between the two hosts without their cognition. This is how the aggressor will gull a mark host and steal the informations by hammering the original host ‘s individuality. In the TCP communicating desynchronized province is given by connexion oriented highjacking. Desynchronized connexion is that when the package sequence figure varies for the standard package and the expected packet.TCP bed will make up one's mind whether to buffer the package or fling it depending on the existent value of the standard sequence figure. Packages will be discarded or ignored when the two machines are desynchronized. Attacker may shoot spoofed packages with the exact sequence Numberss and alteration or insert messages to the communicating. By remaining on the communicating way between two hosts attacker can modify or alter packages. Making the desynchronized province in the web is the cardinal construct of this onslaught. [ 12 ]2.5 DecisionAssorted types of IP spoofing and its onslaughts are explained in this chapter. Here we have discussed about four types of burlesquing onslaughts like Distributed Denial of Service Attack, Non-blind spoofing, blind burlesquing and Man-in-the-middle onslaught, and besides how these onslaughts can make jobs to destination machines. Various Security demands are discussed in the following chapter.Chapter 3: Security Requirements3.1 Network security demandsThe Internet became the largest public information web, enabling both personal and concern communications worldwide. Day to twenty-four hours the information trafficking is increasing exponentially over the internet universe and besides in the corporate webs. As the engineering is developing the velocity of communicating is increasing via electronic mail ; nomadic workers, telecommuters. Internet is besides used chiefly to link corporate webs to the subdivision offices. As the technolgy developed the use of cyberspace has became more and besides use of different engineerings became more at the same clip security menace besides became more and gave opportunity to more faulties to make at that place things.so the corporations utilizing them should protect and increase the security.The web onslaughts became really serious as they are more effectual for the concerns because they store the of import and sensitive informations, as the personal banking records or the concern and medical studies. If the onslaught is done on such sort of corporates it is really hard to retrieve the doomed informations which besides leads to free the privateness and takes batch of clip to retrieve.The cyberspace would besides be the safest manner to make the concern Despite the dearly-won hazards.For illustration, It is non safe to give the recognition card inside informations to the telemarketer through the phone or even a server in the restaurent this is more hazardous than give the inside informations in the web because security engineering will protect electronic commercialism minutess. The telemarketers and servers may non be that safer or trustworthy because we can non supervise them all the clip. The fright of security jobs could be harmful to concerns as existent security voilates. Due to the misgiving on the cyberspace the fright and the intuition of computing machines still exists.For the administrations that depends on the web will diminish there oppurtunities due to this misgiving. To avoid this security constabularies should be purely taken by the companies and besides instate the precautions that are effective.To protect their clients Organizations should adequately pass on. Companies should take the security stairss to non merely protect there clients from security breaches but besides there employers and the spouses information which are of import for them. Internet, intranet and extranet are used by the employers and the spouses for the efficient and the fast communication.These communicating and the efficiency should be looked after because they are more effectd by the web onslaughts. Attackers do the onslaught straight because this takes the tonss of clip for the employers to retrieve and reconstruct the lost informations and takes much clip even in the web harm control. loss of clip and valuble informations could greatly impact employee effectivity and assurance. The other chief ground for the demand of web security is the Legislation. harmonizing to the serveys conducted by the authorities they came to cognize about the importance of cyberspace for the universes economic position, they besides recognize that the aggressors consequence on the cyber space could besides do the economic harm to the universe. National authoritiess are mounting Torahs to modulate the huge watercourse of electronic information. Companies developed the schemes to procure the day of the month in the safe manner in conformity to set up the ordinances given by government.The companies which does non take security constabularies to protect the information conformity will be voilated and penalized.3.2 System security demandsIn these yearss supplying security had became a tough undertaking for all the bisiness and the different administrations. Security must be provided to the clients and the of import informations to safeguard them from the malicious and nonvoluntary leaks.Information is really of import for every endeavor, it may be the usage records or rational belongings. By the CIOs it became possible to clients, employees and spouses to acquire the informations in fraction of seconds.The cost of money besides became more to make all these things.Ther e are three grounds for which this information may fall in hazard they are ( I ) when the concern procedure interruptions down ( two ) employee mistake ( three ) spreads in security. Hazard is so from client and competitory force per unit areas, regulative and corporate conformity, and the lifting cost promotion of informations leaks Information one of the of import resources of fiscal establishment ‘s. To maintain the trust between the spouses or develop the assurance in the clients it is more of import to supply the good security which will be helpful for the good traveling and the repute of the company. At the same clip reliable information is necessary to treat minutess and comfirm client determinations. A fiscal establishment ‘s net income and capital can be affected if the information leaks to unauthorised companies. Information security is one of of import procedure by which an organisation protects and secures its systems, media, and maintain information of import to its operations. The fiscal establishments have a great duties to protect the states fiscal service infrastucture On a wide criterion. The fiscal security of the client will beside s depends on the security provided to the industry systems and its informations.effective security programs should be taken by the Individual fiscal establishments and their service providersfor their operational complexness.there should be a strong and effectual board to keep and take attention of these security policies in order to protect the company from the security menaces or any other malicious attacks.there should be a regular guidance to the administrations on the security precations they take to supply the companies, so that we can acquire the more effectual consequences and can better the administrations security degree aswell. organisations frequently inaccurately recognize information security as status of controls. As the Security is an on-going procedure in overall security stance the status of a fiscal establishment depends on the index. Other indexs include the power of the establishment to continually measure its stance and react appropriately in the face of quickl y changing menaces, engineerings, and concern conditions. A fiscal establishment establishes and maintains truly effectual information security when it continuously integrates procedures, people, and engineering to palliate hazard in conformity with hazard appraisal and acceptable hazard tolerance degrees. By establishing a security procedure fiscal establishments secure there risks they recognizes hazards, forms a strategy to pull off the hazards, implements the strategy, tests the executing, and proctors the ambiance to pull off the hazards. A fiscal establishment outsources all of their information processing. Examiners use this brochure while measuring the fiscal establishment ‘s hazard direction procedure, including the duties, responsibilities, and occupation of the service beginning for information security and the oversight exercised by the fiscal establishment. [ 3 ]3.3 Information security demandsAn information security scheme is a program to palliate hazards while s taying by with legal, Statutory, internally and contractual developed demands. Typical stairss to constructing a scheme include the definition of control aims, the appraisal and designation of attacks to run into the aims, the choice of controls, prosodies, the constitution of benchmarks and the readying of execution and proving programs. The pick of controls is typically depends on cost comparing of different strategic attacks to minimise the hazard.The cost comparing typically contrasts the costs of different attacks with the possible additions a fiscal establishment could recognize in footings of increased handiness, confidentality or unity of systems and informations. These additions may include reduced fiscal losingss, improved client assurance, regulative conformity and positive audit findings. Any peculiar attack should see the followersPolicies, processs and criterionsTechnology designResource dedicationTesting andTraining.For illustration, an establishment ‘s directio n may be measuring the right strategic attack to the security supervision of activities for an Internet environment. There are two possible attacks identified for rating. The first attack utilizes a combination of web and host detectors with a staffed supervision centre. The 2nd attack consists of every twenty-four hours entree log scrutiny. The first option is judged much more capable of observing an onslaught in clip to cut down any harm to the establishment and its informations, even though at a much more cost. The added cost is wholly appropriate when establishment processing capablenesss and the client informations are exposed to an onslaught, such as in an Internet banking sphere. The 2nd attack may be suited when the primary hazard is reputational harm, such as when the Web site is non connected to other fiscal establishment systems and if the lone information is protected is an information-only Web site.

The Who

The Who is considered one of the most powerful rock bands of the 21st century. They started their band in London, England. The Who formed in 1964. They sold over 100 million records worldwide. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. The Who can also be known as The Detours or The High Numbers.Band MembersThe Who developed from an earlier group called The Detours. From there they established their band as a part of the pop art and mod movements. The founding members of The Who were Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend, John Entwistle and Keith Moon. Daltrey was the lead singer, Townshend was a guitarist and singer, Entwistle was a bass guitarist, and Moon was a drummer. All of the band members grew up around London. Daltrey had a hard time fitting in at school and discovered rock and roll. He founded the Detours in 1959. Townshend's parents were very supportive of him since his dad played the saxophone and his mother had sung the entertainment division during World War II. Just like Townshend, Entwistle also liked rock and roll. He started to play the guitar but since he had large fingers, it was hard for him to play it.Early careerAfter the Detours became the Who, many things changed. Sandom left the band since he wasn't getting along with Townshend. After that, they didn't talk for many years. During a gig at Oldfield, the Who met Keith Moon. Townshend accidentally broke his guitar on stage and he was angered by the audiences laugh. This made him crush the guitar on stage but he picked up another one and continued to play. The next week when the band played again, the audience wanted to see a repeat of what Townshend did. This is how auto-destructive art became part of the Who's live shows.SuccessesThe Who had many successes. Their first single, â€Å"I Can't Explain† reached the UK top ten. Their next single called â€Å"My Generation† was released in October. Although it was originally supposed to be written as a slow blues Entwistle played a bass solo in it. In the end, it turned out to be a very powerful song. The Who's most successful solo release was a Daltrey solo album. Daltrey was a very good singer, but he also found success in acting. The Who also became the first rock and roll act to play Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. Their fourth album, 1969's rock opera Tommy, was a commercial success.Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and AchievementsThe Who was inducted into the hall of fame in 1990. They even have a featured collection in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame museum which includes a drumhead from 1968. The Who also made it into the UK Music Hall of Fame. They had seven of their albums appear on Rolling Stone's 500 greatest albums which were in 2003. That made the Who have more than any other rock and roll band except four. The Beatles, Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stones, and Bruce Springsteen. The Who even held a world record for being the world's loudest rock and roll bands!End of Career and DeathOut of the four founding members of the Who, Moon and Entwistle both died. Moon died in 1978 because of a drug overdose. Townshend, Daltrey, and Entwistle released â€Å"Who Are You† shortly after his death. The song was based on Moon's death. Sadly, Entwistle died 24 years later in 2002. He had a heart attack at Hard Rock Hotel due to cocaine. This made plans for a new album delayed.ConclusionThe Who has changed many lives with their energetic performances. They have influenced many people. They have even influenced the pop-punk band Panic! At the Disco. The Who have continued to play as a band even after 54 years of being together. They have won many awards for their great recordings. The Who are a very talented band that won many awards.

Full internal and external environmental analysis of Morrisons Essay

Full internal and external environmental analysis of Morrisons - Essay Example It also offers British and continental foods and light snacks. It offers a wine bar filled with assorted fine and traditional wines, spirits and ales. It has a fruit and vegetable section. It also has a fresh flower section consisting of different flowers, shrubs and plants. Morrison runs a complete array of pharmacy products and services which provide private consulting. It has a complete set of over-the counter medicines, and a prescription collection system. The company also offers services such as petrol filling stations, dry cleaning and photo processing services. This supermarket chain has branches in Britain, Wales and Scotland. Morrison has its in-store label products which consists of â€Å"The Best† a brand which covers a range of meals made from the finest ingredients. It also has the Eat Smart a brand which refers to specific calorie, fat, sugar and salt controlled meals. It carries the â€Å"Betta Buy†, a brand which pertains to a select group of food and h ome products at low prices. Morrison’s â€Å"Organic† is a brand which caters to organic products. It has â€Å"At Home† brand which refers to quality home and accessory products. The â€Å"First Home† brand pertains to affordable home essentials products. Its brand â€Å"Complexions† covers cosmetics and make-up products and accessories. In Britain, the supermarkets are defined as stores with at least 2,000 square feet having three or more checkout counters. These modern supermarkets stock merchandise comprising of food groups and regular household items. (Curth, et. al., 2002). The Stakeholder’s Analysis is applied to the William Morrison Plc group. This analysis helps organizations focus on important areas of the business. (Learned, et.al., 1969) The project has several stakeholders. The first group of stakeholders is the consumers consisting of the family households such as the parents, children and other family members. Morrison is able to provide high-quality food

Microbiology Final (Research Project) Research Paper

Microbiology Final ( Project) - Research Paper Example Excluding the Reston subtype of Ebola virus, all other types cause infection in the humans (Reddy 2002). The virus was identified initially in the year 1967 in Marburg, Germany after the presence of this virus was seen in workers of a laboratory. This was owing to their continuous contact with monkeys in the laboratory (Carruthers et al 2005). Ebola viruses are structurally classified as complete viral particles which show pleomorphism in their shapes. It can be long, filamentous or in circular forms. The dimensions of the virus are length of 14,000 nm and diameter of 80nm, encompassed in a membrane composed of lipid molecules. Ebola is a single-stranded RNA virus and it multiplies through the process of asexual reproduction, budding. Ebola virus consists of seven structural and one non-structural protein. Nucleoprotein is the major structural protein and others include virion structural protein (VP) 30, VP 35 and large protein (L) (Georgiev 2009). Ebola virus’s natural habitat is still not completely known by the microbiologists but it has, however, been established that Ebola virus is an animal-borne or zoonotic virus. Therefore, it maintains its natural reservoirs in animal hosts (Reddy 2002). Ebola life cycle initiates with the entry of the virus into different types of cells through the viral surface glycoprotein which regulate the entry of the virus. Figure 1 provides an overview of the entry of the virus into the host cell. Certain receptors on the cell surfaces promote the entry of the virus and render them vulnerable to the attack of the virus. These receptors include folate receptor-a, proteins of C-type lectin family and L-SIGN receptors expressed on Jurkat cells, macrophages and endothelial cells respectively. Once, binding and fusion of the virus in the cells is complete, the viral genome is uncoated. However, little is known about this process. The

Vaclav Havel and Image of Moral Leadership Essay

Vaclav Havel and Image of Moral Leadership - Essay Example Vaclav Havel an Image of Moral Leadership What one person or culture regards as immoral could be moral in a different setting. The subject of morality has received a lot of attention over a long period of time. Theologians and philosophers alike have been at work explain the determinants of morality in man. Vaclav Havel will be the main focus of this essay as we seek to establish the fundamentals of moral leadership. Description Vaclav Havel, may he rest in peace, was born in 1936 in Prague. He came from a prominent entrepreneurial family who owned an entertainment company and numerous housing complexes. Havel was a celebrated playwright in Czechoslovakia, way before the country became the Czech Republic. He became a prominent writer in the 1960s, with a majority of his works focusing on absurd political regime of the time. His articles focused on the rampant violations of human rights in Czechoslovakia. He openly criticized the authoritarian rule of the time which included such acts as censorship and human rights infringeme nt. In addition to being a playwright, Havel was also a nonconformist to the authoritarian rule, which he explicitly defied. He was a man of great courage amidst all the terror, violence and human rights abuses of the 20th century, in his country and beyond. His involvement in politics came in 1989 after the fall of the communist system, when he became the informal leader of government opposition. Havel’s concern for morality in the way Czechoslovakia was governed ultimately led his election as the president Czechoslovakia in 1990. Following the split of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia and the Czech Republic, Havel became the first president-elect of the Czech Republic. By the time Havel left office in 2003, he had made an everlasting mark on true democracy. Throughout his theatre and dissidence life and reign as president, Havel exhibited exemplary moral leadership qualities that earned him international recognition. Analysis Even before joining politics, Havel was a strong adv ocate for fair treatment of the people of Czechoslovakia. During his days as a playwright, he wrote articles and one time wrote a letter addressed to a top government official, to relent on the contravention of human rights. As a dissident he, in collaboration with others such as Jan Patocka founded Charter 77, a human rights movement. Seeing the way the powerful subjugated the ordinary citizens made Havel write one of his greatest works â€Å"the Power of the Powerless†. Here, he was telling the leaders of the time that the people had power to dislodge them from office, without resorting to violence. He claimed that Czechoslovakia had become a country governed by morally bankrupt people out to subjugate the citizens. He urged the citizens to do what is morally right; instead of turning violent against the regime, they should continue with their activities like nothing was wrong. Knowing very well that Czechoslovakians were â€Å"living within a lie†, he did not advise them to use violence against the oppressive regime. Havel saw violence as an unethical resolve that would only rationalize the tyrannical government’s actions. For example, any foreigner in Czechoslovakia was required by law to register with the police on where they were living. The enforcement of this law however, was not easy for the authorities. The law was finally repealed after Czechoslovakians refused to abide by the ridiculous law, and would not register their guests. This was the power of the powerless that Havel

Information about Wegener's Granulomatosis Term Paper

Information about Wegener's Granulomatosis - Term Paper Example Wicks reports that 90% or more of those affected are Caucasian. 1 The comparative rarity also makes research difficult, especially when it will benefit only small numbers, which may mean funding for possible research projects is limited. Mahr et al 2(2006) give figures of between 24 and 157 cases per million people and yearly occurrence rates of 3 to 14 cases per million. Coleman ( 2006)3 suggests a figure of 30 per million. As with many other diseases and abnormalities of the immune system, it seems probable that Wegener's Granulomatosis develops when someone who is already genetically predisposed to the condition is exposed to a particular trigger mechanism, perhaps a bacterial or viral infection The condition has a number of synonymous names:- Klinger's syndrome, Klinger-Wegener syndrome, Wegener-Churg-Klinger syndrome, and Wegener-Klinger syndrome. Also because Wegener is said to have had Nazi connections there has been some inclination to re-name the condition as ANCA associated granulomatous vasculitis. Symptoms result from extreme inflammation which that can affect many different types of body tissues. These include the blood vessels when it is described as vasculitis when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy blood vessels. The inflammation results in a reduction in blood oxygen levels accompanied by a restriction of blood flow to affected organs, which results in a destruction of normal tissue.4 ‘Incomplete’ forms exist that only attack one part of the body.5The condition can result in failure of the kidneys or lungs.6 This condition is considered to the result of an abnormal functioning of the immune system producing an over a response to stimuli. , although there is at present no known cause. 7, but this is not a contagious disease, nor is there any compelling evidence of it being hereditary.     

The leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The leaders - Essay Example of how you relate to others at work and at home† (Whitmore, 2009, p 2). In the day today life of the present world many leaders are seen in business, politics, religion, and the like. A leader should have some basic qualities to become a good leader. A leader is the person who leads by example through his charismatic personality and as such he differs considerably from a boss. The boss always orders and others are compelled to obey him or her. In the case of a leader he or she never orders but leads others and knows well the power of group dynamism. A leader should â€Å"Canvass team members’ views about the desirability of arranging structured social time together† and he should â€Å"put support in place to deal, in confidence of requested, with individual troubles or concerns as they arise† (Whitmore, 2009, p.146). To speak frankly, a leader has great works to carry out. It is very difficult to be a good leader. In the industrial world to manage a group of persons with different emotional level is difficult but a skilled leader can manage them well. In this regard it can be said that a leader should have the enough emotional stability. The E.Q. and I.Q. of a leader should be high to manage others. Such leaders are fully accepted by the fellow mates whereas despotic rulers are not considered as leaders because they never lead the people but issue orders only. A leader never brings blame culture to the office and would always emphasis on joined and shared responsibility. An effective team leader is the one who inspires, motivates and protects all in the group and helps them out in times of problems. The nature of finding fault with others and accusing them for the mistakes will not make a good leader in a person. One of my friends who were employed in Smith and co once told me that his boss was always finding fault with others and this used to provoke all in the group. As this was the nature of his boss the performance of the group w as not up to the mark. The personnel manager of the company later came to know about the matter and finally the team leader was changed. Then the result of the team turned to be successful. Once the ineffective leader was changed and replaced by an effective leader, the group produced desired results. The company could gain much profit by this action. A good leader always likes to learn new skills together with his group. He or she provides the rules acceptable for the group in which he or she works. This will help the group to contribute as much as they can. A good leader is the man filled with the elements of confidence. Moreover, he has amble belief in himself. Only a person who has confidence in oneself will have confidence in others. The famous leader M.K. Gandhi, hailed as the father of India, was such a person. He lead from the front and he himself stood in the front for attaining freedom for the country. He was confident in his actions and on his followers too. So even today in across the world he is considered as a great leader. A leader is a person who has the capacity to dream to achieve his

Third-party consultant to perform a penetration test Term Paper

Third-party consultant to perform a penetration test - Term Paper Example This poses a threat to the ability of the organization to protect their secret information and other essential information that should not be exposure to the public or unauthorized persons. The most commonly deployed security systems include anti-virus software, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. The organizations and institutions are interested in securing their information systems in order to protect some of the vital information and contents that are restricted to non-executive members of the firm. However, this is not very effective as these institutions are faced with the task of ensuring proper information security. It is reported that most organization incurs losses because their security systems are hacked and critical details of the organization exposure to the competitors and enemies. This therefore lowers the ability of the organization to excel and protects its key information systems. The business community is not spared too. Hackers pose a great security threat to the secrecy of information of organizations and the business community. ... ically a method in which the security of a network and the computers that are involved in the network are evaluated so as to determine the degree of security on the network or the strength of the response to the breach of the security. It is also referred to as a pentest which is a short form of the term in full. A penetration test is conducted by simulating an attack to the system from either external or internal threats, or both, on a network or a computer system (Allen, 2012). It is therefore evident that penetration testing is vital for ABC Company which has high presence in the internet. In the present day, the world is indeed a global village and due to the fact that information is power, every organization endeavors to protect its information from people who would go to any length to obtain information from an organization. Organizations and institutions use penetration test as a way of identifying the weakness and vulnerabilities of their security and network systems and maki ng necessary protection measures. The penetration test entails the application of attacking methods that are conducted by professional who are entrusted with the organization’s essential information. However, the same attacking systems are used by the hackers and hostile intruders, hence posing more threat to the organization following the fact that such information are very sensitive to be exposed. Depending on the nature and type of the penetration test to be conducted, the entire security building process entails IP address scan in order to assist in the identification process of machines used in the offering of the system information and other services with known degree of vulnerability and further exploiting the existence of any unpatched operation system that may also be vulnerable

Managing People ,Info & knowledge Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing People ,Info & knowledge - Assignment Example An example of this is the observation that Terry Cole makes that Veronica has a tendency to talk in ‘management terms’ when she does not know what she is talking about. Because she is not aware of what she does not know (as Terry puts it), Veronica risks being blind to alternatives and considering only her own opinion. She also generates conflict with other members of staff, as she is attempting to gain power for herself and her department through the proposed changes. She would like to see the HR department have a bigger role and be more integrated into the company; however, not everyone else agrees that this is desirable. Another person in the case study who exhibits expert power is Terry Cole. Terry is the head of information systems and acts as a liaison to external contractors as well as being responsible for the information and networking systems within the company. Like Veronica, he is very knowledgeable about his field of expertise. He has a tendency to confuse o ther managers by excessive use of technical language, and does not speak up about his own opinions. For example, he is concerned about the project that Veronica is proposing, as he does not believe that she knows the entire situation, and has not throughout about how her proposal will affect other systems within the company. He considers that Mike is too easily influenced into decisions; however, he is not prepared to confront Mike concerning this. Although both Terry and Veronica could be considered to have expert power, the differ in personality and in leadership styles. Veronica is more active than Terry in trying to gain power for herself, and she is also more confrontational in general.... The present study would focus on power as the ability that one individual or group of individuals has to affect control or change over a second individual or group of individuals. This control or change can come in the form of behaviour, attitudes, objectives, needs, opinions or values. Five general types of power are recognised, legitimate, expert, referent, coercive and reward. One issue that arises when any type of change is occurring is that the power of individuals comes into conflict. Each person aims to protect their position of power, and in many cases gain more. Because of this, the types of power that are exhibited in a corporation can have a substantial impact on leadership and the way that changes are implemented. A business has many different components that work together collectively to produce the products and services that the company offers. One aspect of the development of information systems is that each person views the problem from a different perspective. Becaus e of this, they see different approaches as being optimal. In order to understand, and then solve the problem, it must be examined from all potential perspectives. Selective attention is a psychological approach that considers why people pay attention to some factors and not others. There are many different factors that affect selective attention, some of which are external and others are internal. External factors are the stimulus and the context.

An Analysis of an Article in the Big Issue called Sun Vampires Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of an Article in the Big Issue called Sun Vampires Essay The Big Issue is published to aid the homeless, seeking to raise money for people who are in this situation. The Big Issue is only sold by vendors, homeless themselves, on the streets of all our major cities and towns. The target group for sales is seen to those who might be sympathetic to the dilemma of the homeless, to those who are fortunate themselves to have homes and jobs, who take an interest in society as a whole rather than just themselves as individuals, who are also aware of the current issues. The readers are to be relatively prosperous, also young rather than middle-aged. The young readers have most probably heard of the Bros (a teen pop duo of the late 80s) and also Peter Andre (popular at the time of publication, but hardly an enduring household name). The reader might be in the position of being able to spend 399 a year on a suntanning course. The reader is more likely to respond to the style of writing that uses current colloquial or jargon expressions And lets face it, one hell of a habit and fork out than a style that they regard as being posh and old-fashioned. The message is though a horrific one but by using the generally speaking, light-hearted tone. Then there is no worry in frightening the reader, but if the your to frighten the casual reader and the reader were to associate this emotion with The Big Issue. For then the reader might never but another a copy again, therefore defeating the whole purpose of what is published for. The writer exclaims to the reader that sunbeds are dangerous and those who uses them are stupid and vain. The suppliers of the habit are abusive. The message is serious but the tone is generally light-hearted. The mood does change though, the evidence supplied by Jane Horwood is unwelcoming, and that provided by a medical expert is inflexible. The purpose of a headline is to attract the attention of a casual browser. Here the writer uses paradox. The reader is attracted firstly by the use of the word vampires, because our enjoyment of horror stories. The idea of the vampires being associated with sun, which is means death to them. The reader becomes eye-catchingly incongruous; curiosity is aroused so the reader wants to read on. Desperate for a sun fix straight away makes us think of a drug addiction, the gravity which is reinforced by the sinister implications of coffins, both images are very different but are powerful images. Then by a newly-coined image, tanorexics, this is a pun. However a pun is usually used humorously, as a joke, which associates two images. In this case this pun might make the reader have mixed emotions. By using the really amusing though, to associate what is usually regarded as a pastime with the desperately psychological problem of anorexia. The illustration is made to seen very unprofessional, but it does catch the browsers attention. The simultaneous associations with the coffins and cooked meat work. The writer forces the readers to place themselves in the situation, by using the repletion of you and youre. The article seeks to mock the sunbed. The opening uses ridiculous pictures plastic cocoon, weird blue light. The idea of the users being profoundly stupid, by mad suggestions. Have you been abducted by aliens for experimental tests? In the second paragraph the tone is unbreakable by another equally ridiculous picture. Walking raisins implying that the sun has similar effects on human skin as it has on grapes. The writer soon does become rather serous, after making sure that our interests has been attracted by o ther means. Suddenly suntanning become dangerous. Most people are aware of the dangers of smoking, so the bluntness of Its like smoking hits hard. The scenario of losing an infant as a result of suntanning is distressing. There are no jokes in this section. Religiously and Confesses which underlines the importance of the issue for the writer. We all know the adverts on television in which scientists in white coats are used to impress upon us the wonderful properties of toothpastes or headache cures. We naturally believe what we are told by experts. So Doctor Bishop is brought into the argument and a consultant dermatologist. We do not comprehend the jargon doctors use, but we always impressed by their specific language. We may not know what a UVB or UVA rays are and what they do not us. However most of us are inclined to believe what those who do know tell us about them. It is interesting that the writer is afraid perhaps of loosing their audience by using too many expressions that the general public do not understand, but the writer does give us some laymans explanation, as in the case of collagen and of elastin. Industries are commercial enterprises by mean of which people make money. We tend to see them in a big scale like the music industry. Where the profit motive is of the smallest significance, arent referred to as industries. The obvious implication of describing sun-tanning as industry is that its practitioners are only interested in profiting from their clients gullibility. Earlier we asked to feel sympathetic towards Jane Horwood suffering and were asked to understand that for her taking that wise decision, to end her habit. On the other hand Victoria Williams seems childish and selfish I wanted that heat and warmth on my body. In the final paragraph the writer completely ridicules the ideas of suntanning. Who says tanning isnt trendy? is, perhaps, another dig aimed at the people of the media, especially those who are advertising the industry. Secretive implies that those who carry on suntanning are aware of the dangers. It seemed his rugged outdoor tan was indoor variety accusing the ex political leader of using sunbeds to give a false impression of his life to the public. It make you look wealthier, like you can afford regular holidays seems false and unfashionably materialistic set against own background. Essex Man is a term of abuse- it reminds us of sub-human species associated with a particular 1980s stereotype, the selfish individual concerned only with himself and what he can get his hands on. This is a very cleverly written piece, in which the writer has matched their tone to their readership without compromising the sincerity and, ultimately, the intensity of their feeling. This however cant be coincidence. Barking, Echoes the phrase, barking mad and leave s in doubt how the writer feels about tanorexics. It can refer back to the Essex Man There no attempt at fairness in this piece, there is no balance of opinions, so asking the reader to draw their conclusions. The writer does have a point to make and scarcely attempts that there might be together points of view. Counter argument, when they appear, tend to be ridiculed, We probably havent learned anything new about suntanning, perhaps little in those who indulger in it, but the pieces might be considered as being amusing.

Contemporaneity Rule Essay Example for Free

Contemporaneity Rule Essay It is a principle of English law that the actus reus and mens rea must coincide. That is they must happen at the same time. This is sometimes referred to as the contemporaneity rule or the coincidence of actus reus and mens rea. However, the courts often apply a flexible approach in holding that the actus reus is a continuing act. Thabo-Meli v R [1954] 1 WLR 228 Privy Council The four appellants were convicted of murder. They had planned to kill a man and then make it look like an accident. They took him to a hut and beat him over the head. Believing that he was dead, they then took his body to a cliff and threw it off. Medical evidence showed that the deceased died from exposure of being left at the bottom of the cliff and not from the blow to the head. They appealed against their convictions on the grounds that the actus reus and mens rea of the crime did not coincide. That is to say when they formed the intention to kill, there was no actus reus as the man was still alive. When they threw him off the cliff, there was no mens rea as they can intend to kill someone they believed was already dead. Held:Convictions upheld. The act of beating him and throwing him off the cliff was one continuing act. Lord Reid: It appears to their Lordships impossible to divide up what was really one transaction in this way. There is no doubt that the accused set out to do all these acts in order to achieve their plan and as parts of their plan; and it is much too refined a ground of judgment to say that, because they were under a misapprehension at one stage and thought that their guilty purpose and been achieved before in fact it was achieved, therefore they are to escape the penalties of the law. Fagan v MPC [1969] 1 QB 439 A policeman was directing the defendant to park his car. The defendant accidentally drove onto the policemans foot. The policeman shouted at him to get off. The defendant refused to move. The defendant argued at the time of the actus reus, the driving onto the foot, he lacked the mens rea of any offence since it was purely accidental. When he formed the mens rea, he lacked the actus reus as he did nothing. Held:The driving on to the foot and remaining there was part of a continuing act. R v Hale [1978] 68 Cr App R 415 The two defendants broke into a womans home. One went upstairs and took some jewellery from her bedroom. After taking the jewellery the two of them tied her up. They were convicted of robbery and appealed on the grounds that the force came after they had appropriate the jewellery and thus did not come within the requirement of being immediately before or at the time of stealing. Held:Convictions upheld. The appropriation of the jewellery was a continuing act. Eveleigh LJ: To say the conduct is over and done with as soon as he laid hands on the property is contrary to common-sense and to the natural meaning of the words. The act of appropriation does not cease. It is a continuous act and it is a matter for the jury to decide whether or not the appropriation has finished. The Law of Robbery The offence of robbery is contained in s.8 of the Theft Act 1968. In criminal law, robbery is a form of aggravated theft, in that it involves the offence of theft plus force or threat of force on a person. The maximum sentence for robbery is life imprisonment. Under s.8 of the Theft Act 1968 a person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force. The principle of all the cases above will be : Actus reus and men rea must be coincide in the point of time for the accused to be guilty

Launching a product in energy drinks industry

Launching a product in energy drinks industry Gatorade is a brand of sports drinks, which is available in multiple flavors, and is manufactured by Quaker Oats Company, which is now a part of PepsiCo. Ltd. Gatorade is basically into the production of sports drinks which are used by athletes and non-athletes all around the world. Energy drinks are those non-alcoholic drinks that serve the purpose of an energy-booster and revitalization. These drinks usually do not emphasize on energy derived from the calories they contain, but rather through a choice of caffeine, vitamins, and herbal supplements that the manufacturer has combined. We have come up with a new product, an energy drink under the banner of Gatorade, Which is called as Powergade. The Energy drink that we plan to launch in the market, shall meet all the requirements that any consumer expects from such a drink. Unlike the other Gatorade drinks, this energy drink will be a carbonated drink and shall consist of all those ingredients like caffeine, sugar and other vitamins, which are present in an ordinary energy drink. But compared to other energy drinks, our product will have other features which make it suitable for consumers of all age groups. This drink will be initially launched in the Indian market, since the scope of promotion in this financial year in India is very good, because of the Common Wealth Games 2010 and also the soon approaching ICC Cricket World Cup in 2011. Branding through such popular and large scale events will definitely be a good advantage to the product, and large number of people can be made aware of the drink as these above mentioned events have a huge fan following. Marketing Objectives SMART Objectives: Setting objectives and milestones is of crucial importance for any planning activity and is the core of its success, or failure. Knowing how to set objectives is not exactly rocket science in terms of complexity, but any strategist should know the basic rules of how to formulate and propose objectives. SMART illustrates 5 characteristics of an efficient objective; it stands for Specific Measurable Attainable/Agreed/Accepted Relevant/Realistic Time1. For our new Energy Drink, Powergade; the following objectives are going to be taken into consideration, for an effective and goal-oriented marketing process: To increase the market share of our product in the Indian drinks market up to 10% till June 2011 To increase profit by 10% by the end of financial year 2010-11 To propagate the brand name and the product in all tier 1 and tier 2 cities in the first 3 months of the launch. To survive in the current recession and slowdown period in the Indian Market. To have a constant growth with of 10% each year To improvise sales by 25% quarterly. To increase the market share of our product in the Indian drinks market up to 10% till June 2011: This is one of the most important objectives, as the energy drinks market in India is increasing and improvising at a constant rate. A lot of companies and brands have come into this field of food and drinks industry, hence increasing the competition in the existing market. We plan to have at least 10% of the market share by the period of one year. This will be of a great advantage to meet our other objectives  [1]  . To increase profit by 15% by the end of financial year 2010-11: Profit is one of the most important aspects for any commercial organisation. We, by launching this new energy drink in the market; plan to increase the profit of the brand Gatorade. Since cheap and effective energy drinks have a high demand in the existing market, high profits from this new product can be expected. Hence we plan to increase the net profit of the company by a minimum 15% by the end of this financial year. To propagate the brand name and the product in all tier 1 and tier 2 cities in the first 3 months of the launch: It is a very important challenge for any brand to have a strong goodwill in the market. If the company is expecting to make profits out of the launch of new product, it is very much essential to have good promotion tactics, and to make the new product, as well as the brand name popular amongst the population of the market. Hence, we plan to promote our brand and our new product Powergade in the markets of tier 1 and tier 2 cities within the 3 months launch period of our product. This will give a boost to the sales and result in higher profitability and market share. To survive the current recession and slowdown period in the Indian Market: The recent slowdown in the world economy has affected a lot of industries in the global market. This has led to low income levels and failure of new brands and their products in its launch period itself. Hence, it is a great challenge to survive and maintain a successful launch in the current market conditions. We plan to have effective promotion and sales strategy, so that our new product Powergade can survive in the market. To have a constant growth of 10% each year: As one of our core objectives, we also plan to have a constant growth of 10% each year. By growth, it is meant that we can expand this division of the company. This means to increase production and hence improvise sales. By constant growth, employment can also be assured and new opportunities will be given to fresh ideas. Growth also includes coming up with new flavours and variations in our Energy Drink. That is why; the goal of having a growth of 10% each year has been set. To improvise sales by 5% every month: Sales is one of the most important aspects of any company dealing with manufacturing and selling of goods. Sales can be considered the heart of any organisation. If the sales are smooth, it generates higher profit, improves the goodwill of the company in the market, which leads to having a higher rate of market share in the industry. Hence it has been set as an objective to improvise sales by at least 5% each month to have a better productivity and profit. Target Market/s The Drinks Market Food and drinks industry is one of the largest industries in the world. Its basic target is to cater the population with energy supplement products, which are essential for the survival of any living being. Food and drinks industry consists of products which have inelastic demand for e.g. salt, sugar, water etc. as well as products with elastic demand such as protein supplements and expensive alcoholic drinks. Substantial part of the consumer income is spent on this industry worldwide. Today the drink market is booming in India and it has become a complete new segment in the Indian market. As per the climatic conditions in India, major part of the population tends to buy drinks, especially cold drinks t o quench their thirst. The sales of drinks gets at its all time high during the summer time, this is because the climate is hot and humid in most of the places in India, which exhausts people, which leads them to buy drinks. Drinks market is becoming very popular all around the world, since many people are now attracted towards the drinks market. There are many types of drinks that are available in the market, ranging from fruit drinks to alcoholic drinks. The Indian Drinks market can be categorized in to different sub markets. The following chart shows the various categories and sub-categories of drinks available in the Indian market. The drinks market is broadly classified into: Alcoholic drinks market Non- alcoholic drinks market Alcoholic drinks are those which have high concentration of alcohol content. It is generally considered to be harmful because of its carcinogenic and hazardous nature. Unlike countries having cool climates, the Indian climate is comparatively warm, hence the body cannot adapt to the heat that is attained from such drinks. That is why alcoholic drinks are generally considered to be leisure drinks and the number of regular customers is comparatively less in India. A few famous types of alcoholic beverages are as follows: Beer Vodka Champagne Rum Breezier The Non-Alcoholic drinks, as the name suggest, do not contain any alcohol and are generally considered to be a safe drink for all type of consumers. The non- alcoholic drinks market can be further classified into two type types: Non- carbonated Carbonated Non- carbonated drinks are not concentrated and have no fizz in them, they are like Fresh juices, even Gatorade is a non- carbonated drink which doesnt have fizz and caffeine. These non- carbonated drinks are health based drink, which help for a healthy body, and doesnt harm a person, but revitalizes them, and get back their energy. Examples of Non-carbonated drinks are Real juices Gatorade. Carbonated drinks are those drinks which are concentrated and have carbon content in them, which is generally called fizz. In carbonated drinks energy drinks also come in, which consists of caffeine, which is a certain type of drug, caffeine is there but in a small quantity, it does the work to keep the consumer active and energetic. Examples of carbonated drinks are: Pepsi, Thumbs-up Coke Redbull Cloud 9 Energy drinks are beverages that are meant to be a quick fix for the exhausted and sleepy. Energy drinks are canned or bottled beverages sold in convenience stores, grocery stores, and bars and nightclubs (in mixed drinks). Most energy drinks are carbonated drinks that contain large amounts of caffeine and sugar with additional ingredients. Energy drinks are beverages that also contain vitamins such as vitamin B, taurine and herbal extracts, which help us to gain energy  [2]  . Market Segmentation The whole market can be segmented into different target groups, which are shown in the chart below. Children, who are of age of 11- 15 years, can buy this product, but they may not be having enough money and knowledge about any energy drink to go on and buy an energy drink. And it should also be noted that energy drinks contain caffeine for which children should not be encouraged. Teenage youth will surely be attracted to a product, as they are the younger generation who are prone to experimentation, and they shall buy new products. The energy drink also benefit these people as they are very active and have a very hectic and stressful schedule, this energy drink can generate energy in them and remove all stress and exhaustion. Generally, youth of this age get allowances from their parents, so it depends on the amount they get to spend for a certain period of time.Consumers, who get low allowances, might not spend a lot of money for such drinks, but those consumers who get moderate or high allowances can certainly afford such energy drinks. Hence, it can be said that youth at this age can be divided into two different target groups. Same goes in for Young adults. Unlike the teenage youth, they may not go be so experimental with new products in the market, but this energy drink will surely be of an advantage to them as they also have a hectic and stressful life, this energy drink, will give them energy to work all through the day. These people will be working, so definitely they will have money to buy the product. Even still, the young adults can be divided in to two target groups depending on their income levels. Skilled executives are working class people who work all through out the day and have a very stressful life, they dont do any kind of physical activity, but they can still buy our energy drink to feel refreshed and energetic to work, and will have a complete different approach towards their work and shall be more time efficient. Their income level is generally good enough, so energy drinks will certainly be affordable by this target group. Unskilled Labor are also working class people but they are generally into physical labor, which requires a lot of energy to do work, they really need a energy drink to boost up their stamina and to work for longer hours. Yet again, the income level of such consumers plays a very important role, unlike the skilled executive, their income level is less, and hence affording such drinks is questionable, even though this drink is of much more use to these people. Last but not the least are the Sports athletes, they are recommended to have a energy drink, this is because their work is to participate in sports and physical activities, at the end of the day the sport makes them exhausted, so to take out the exhaustion they need to have an energy drink which not only makes them energetic but also provides them with proteins and vitamins, so that they perform their regular tasks for long hours. This energy drink also increases stamina of these athletes. Potential Segments So we can say that by the above consumers there can be five potential consumer groups which will buy our product, and so we shall concentrate majorly on these consumer groups and they are: Teenage youth with high spending capacity, Young adults of both income groups, Skilled executives, Sport athletes. We target teenage youth as they are risk takers and love to experiment new drinks, thus we will target them who are with high allowances so that they can buy more of our product. We target young adults as they work, and have a stressful lifestyle with work and some other extra curricular activities thus, this energy drinks will be very good for them. As they are working they can buy the energy drink. We target the skilled executives as they have high spending capacities and since they have tedious work procedures and long working hours, the energy drink is for their advantage. And the sports athletes, these we will target as they have to drink a energy drink because of their lifestyle and constant practice of their sport, these athletes have a rigorous routine of sports and for them to not be exhausted, they need to have a energy drink. Criteria for selecting target markets CONSUMPTION: Our energy drink can be consumed by youngsters, working people and sports athletes. Pregnant women are not encouraged to consume our product as it dangerous for them. The reason for consuming our product is because our product refreshes you and quenches thirst faster than other liquids (except water) and it balances our sugar and calorie intake. LIFESTYLE: As our lifestyle is changing day by day, consumers get influenced by new products in the market, especially young generation from the age group 15-25 years. This age group has the resources to buy a new product as they are innovators. They always try exploring new products that come in the market. There are few people who do not have the resources to buy the product but are eagerly wishing to have that product. The consumers of age, ranging from 25-35 is independent considering their spending, and these people have the capacity and resources to buy and consume our product. CONSUMERS ATTITUDE: Consumers attitude towards a new product consist of many things. Few criteria are listed below: Packaging. Taste Brand name Brand ambassador of the product Importance to Packing plays a major role as consumers get excited when they see a product which looks very attractive. BENEFITS: Our Product is comparatively excellent from rest of the drinks because it does not contain artificial flavors and it can be consumed by all age groups starting from 11 years and above. It contains caffeine, vitamins, and minerals which balances the sugar level in our body. For sport athletes our product is like an apple to their eye because our product acts like an energy booster for them. Caffeine after workout provides them with good amount of energy that they have lost during workout and re-builds it. DEMOGRAPHIC: Demographics play a major role which selecting out target market. Our product would mainly be launched in Metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolkata, which come under category of tier 1 and cities like Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Goa and etc. come under tier 2 cities. Population of the mentioned cities is more and consists of innovators and early adaptors. So our initial target would have a strong consumer base in the markets of these cities. Applying Criteria to potential segments Potential Target Groups Criteria Teenage Youth (high spending capacity) Young Adults (Low income group) Young Adults (High Income Group) Skilled Executives Sports Athletes 1.Consumption 2.Lifestyle 3.Attitude Towards New Products 4.Benefits 5.Gographic Considering the above table, we have concluded that our major concentration would be on the following target groups: Teenage Youth, Young Adults with high income, and Sports Athletes. Customer Profile The above mentioned target groups consists of those consumers, who generally indulge into experiment with new goods and services in the market. They easily take the risk of trying out new products. These consumers also have high capacity to spend on such leisure products, since their allowances or income is generally high. These consumers are generally found in tier 1 and tier 2 cities as they have more exposure to the market and all the on-going promotional activities. They are benefited with our energy drinks, as for the teenage youth, most of their time is spent in their academics, and hence they have busy schedules. Other than that, they also indulge in various physical activities that is taxing to their bodies. The energy drinks help them keep fresh and energetic throughout the day, and hence the results in their respective endeavors is comparatively good Young adults are benefited with our product, as this is the group which is mostly indulged into hard work, be it office or on-site work. They work long hours, and especially in growing cities, travelling and cut-throat competition is also a factor that can tire any individual. Having our energy drink, which contains caffeine; it helps these consumers in being awake without actually affecting their health. The efficiency of these consumers is improvised and they can work longer hours keeping up with the task at hand. Sports athletes will have a complete different approach and usage for this drink. They are generally into more of physical work compared to the above mentioned groups. They need supplements to replenish their body and rejuvenate them. Energy drinks play an important role for such refreshment. Though, they do not prefer carbonated drinks during their games, but they certainly consume it during practice sessions and work outs. Customer perceptual positioning map For this task, our group performed a sample survey, by preparing a questionnaire. A sample of a blank questionnaire can be viewed in Appendix 1. In this survey, we asked different people questions relating to our existing brand Gatorade, its competitor brands and energy drinks. After the survey we could derive the following conclusions. In the survey, it was asked, that which of the attributes play an important role in an energy drink. The attributes included: Effectiveness Taste Packaging Style/Trends Flavor options. The conclusion derived from this survey gave us the following result. Pie chart 1. From this research we concluded that EFFECTIVNESS and TASTE are the appropriate attributes that the consumer keeps in mind to judge the product and to compare the product with that of the competitors. For the positioning process, for our product, we chose 5 brands which are popular in the Indian market, and decided to position of product on the basis of comparison with the following five brands: Redbull Burn Bling Xenia Cloud 9 The sample population was asked to prioritize these brands on the scale of their preference considering the above mentioned five attributes. The results for the attributes TASTE and EFFECTIVENESS is shown in the following pie-charts.We made these pie charts on the basis of the ratings and then derived the percentage of preferred brand for these attributes. A Perceptional-positioning mapping is a kind of visual tool which shows the customers perception of a product or brand in relation to others in the market relating to certain attributes. In our product of Powergade from Gatorade we have considered the most relevant attributes like Effectiveness and the Taste of the drink. The following graph was made on the basis of the ratings given by the sample population to each brand based on the above mentioned attributes of the brands product. They were asked to rate the attributes on the scale of 1 5 in which 1-3 was considered low and 3-5 was considered high. High Taste Powergade We did a primary research on the effectiveness and the taste of our various competitors. From the perception mapping in the above graph and table we got to know the standing of each of our competitors in the market. Red Bull being high in taste and high in effectiveness becomes a tough competitor for Powergade as our product aims to give best of taste and prove to be quickly effective. The marketing mix is a combination of elements needed to successfully market any product. The marketing mix is at the heart of marketing planning. It is used to review and develop marketing strategy. These elements are commonly known as the Four Ps of marketing Product-Our main focus is that our product must be exceptional in taste and quickly effective. Since Gatorade has an experienced research team, we will be able to achieve our goal efficiently. Price-Initially we will come up with a penetration pricing strategy to gain a good amount of market share and create awareness of our product. Keeping low price will help us against our premier competitor, Redbull. Place-As Gatorade is already an established drink worldwide, Powergade will take advantage of this and will use similar distribution channels as well as new distribution channels. Promotion-Since we have a good promotional budget, high scale advertisements will be made and shown on television; radio channels and huge hoarding will be put up all over the country. We will also be aiming to have celebrities to be the brand ambassadors of our drink. Other than that, we will take full advantage of the upcoming ICC Cricket World Cup, scheduled to take place in February 2011 in the Indian subcontinent. Concentrating on all the four Ps of Marketing we will be able to achieve our desired position in the Perceptional-positioning mapping. Product Product Type: Energy Drink. The term product includes two things tangible and intangible. It also includes services, ideas, goods, people and a mix of various elements. Our product would come under category of shopping products and non durable goods. There are three product levels: Core product. Embodied product. Augmented product. Core Product: Core product means the core benefits and the reason why people would want to buy our product. The Youth age group (11-21) would buy our product because as they are prone for experiencing new product and they consider it as a style statement. Now-days young generation is facing a problem of very hectic, stressful and tiring schedule. Our product would relief them and provide with energy and necessary minerals. Age group (22-30) these people come under the category of Intense working people and they have a very stressful life, and as they devote very less to physical activity; for them our product would refresh them and would give them energy to work more efficiently. Last but not the least is Sport athletes which are our main target; would buy our product because as their major time goes in playing physical sports, the water and energy level drenches down very quickly and they become exhausted very fast. Our product will be a great beneficial for them. For people who are Chain smokers for them our product is like an apple to their eye and health because our product coconut pulp which works as a nicotine reducer. EMBODIED PRODUCT: Embodied means physical goods or delivery services that provides benefits. It consists of design, packing, ingredients and brand name. Logo of Powergade Description: C:UsersArchitDesktopbackprint.png Product can design front and back Ingredients: Coconut pulp, Water, sucrose, glucose, sodium citrate, taurine, glucuronolactone, caffeine, instol, niacinamide, calcium-pantothenate, pyridoxine HCL, Vitamin 612, artificial flavors, colors. Source(s)- (Red bull can) Durability of our product (Expiry of the product)-24 Months from the date of Manufacture. Augmented Product: Augmented product means post-purchase activity or services. In case of defective goods we will replace the defective goods within a period of 5 working days and would give cash back if defective quantity is more than 2%. Minimum order of 300 pieces. Discounts are provided if there is a bulk order. We will also have a scheme of lucky dip when you buy 4 powergade, and get 25% off. Core Product When a consumer wants to buy a product, what will he or she will look into, the uniqueness of the product, and will also differentiate between two products that how a product is different with its same type of competitors product. After comparing the consumer will buy the product which will give him maximum benefits and, also will give him maximum satisfaction. We see that there are many energy drinks in the market and all have a same thing to say, and same benefits to give that are- Increases performance Increases concentration Improves mental alertness Stimulates metabolism Our product powergade is a very unique type of product, and its uniqueness will take this product at the top of the Non-Alcoholic beverages market. You may think that how can an energy drink can be as unique as any other energy drink. Our product has all the benefits that all top energy drinks have in common, but we have added some more three features in our energy drink. Common benefits shared with the competitors will be- Increases performance Increases concentration Improves mental alertness Stimulates metabolism Unique features of Powergade- Nicotine reducer More of Vitamins Additional fibre (fruity taste as fibres will be taken from fruit nectar) The nicotine reducer will help those consumers who are addicted to cigarettes, while people have cigarettes nicotine automatically gets in their blood, whereas when that consumer will have our product his nicotine count will be reduced. We will use a pinch of coconut oil as coconut is the best nicotine reducer. Our product will also have more of vitamins which will help the consumer revitalize his mind, be active and energetic all throughout the day. Additional fibre is fruit nectar which will be used in our product; this will give a good and additional taste  [3]  . As we know today, the demand for energy drinks is increasing day by day in the Indian markets, there is tough competition between competitors, and every company is having a price war with its competitors to sell its products. Red bull in that case has kept its price of a can is Rs.85, and cloud 9 has kept the price of its can Rs.90. These drastic differences in prices will be because of many reasons as for example the ingredients which are there in the drink or mainly the packaging or manufacturing of product will be different from the others, or there may be a simple reason for high prices that will be the profitability of the company. For setting up a price for our brand powergade we need a certain pricing objectives which will help in our pricing decision, pricing objectives are goals that describe the role of price in an organizations plans, the objectives help managers as a basic guide line to develop further pricing and marketing strategies  [4]  . The pricing objectives which are required for this product will be- Market penetration Target rate of return Price stabilization Meet of follow competition Market share Profit maximization Cash flow Product line promotion Survival in the market.  [5]   Our price will overcome the cost and therefore earning us a good profit margin. The cost will include all the internal and external costs. Pricing will be considering the taxes also on the product. Customers will feel value for money for our product as they will be satisfied to the fullest. Our pricing will be complementing other Ps of the marketing mix. It should be complementing with the place it is marketed, the promotion used and the value of the product. Strategies Market Led Pricing Strategy Market led pricing strategy are based on the level of customer demand for a firms products or the level of demand in the industry in which the firm operates. Market led Pricing strategy include Penetration Pricing, Skimming price, Price Discrimination, Loss leader, Psychological pricing and Promotional pricing. In all the market led pricing strategies our product will be using Penetration pricing and Psychological pricing. Penetration pricing is a strategy used for a new product to help establish itself in the industry. This method involves setting a relatively low price in order to gain market share and awareness. Over time, as the product established itself, the price can be raised. This strategy is suitable for mass market products that sell in large enough volumes like our powergade. It will help Gatorade to enter a well established market efficiently. One drawback of using this strategy is that customers might consider the product of low quality as it priced low. Combining with Penetration pricing is the psychological pricing. Psychological pricing is a strategy that involves using numbers like, such as $ 9.99 to make price seem lower. Hence customers psychologically feel that they are getting a bargain or better price for the product  [6]

The Last of the Mohicans Essay -- Native Americans James Fenimore Coop

The Last of the Mohicans James Fenimore Cooper’s the Last of the Mohicans is a gripping novel that depicts the travel of 7 people through the dangerous woods of western New York in the late 18th century. The story takes place during the French and Indian war at the height of conflict. Major Duncan Heyward is accompanying singer David Gamut and the two daughters of the English colonel Munro from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry. Along the way, the four travelers discover that their Indian guide Magua has purposely lead them in the wrong direction. Their only chance of making it to Fort William Henry now rests in the hands of Hawk Eye (a man who knows the way of the Indians but continuously asserts that he has no Indian blood) and Uncas and Chingachgook (the only two living members of the once great tribe known as Mohican). Together, the group sneaks through the woods avoiding the French troops as well as the dangerous Huron’s who have formed an alliance with the French. The book is full of adventure. Earlier in the book, the travelers stop to spend the night in a cave near a waterfall, but they are attacked by Magua’s allies the Huron’s. Hawkeye and the Mohicans managed to escape down the river but Heyward, Gamut, and the Munro sisters are all taken as prisoners by the Huron’s. Magua then tells the group that he seeks revenge on colonel Munro. But before he had the chance to act, Hawkeye and the Mohicans attacked the Huron’s and killed all but Magua who managed to escape. Although the book had a fictitious spin, a little research shows me that the events and certain characters are more or less historically accurate. One occasion was the Massacre of William Henry. Once the travelers arrived at their destination, they learned that the fort was receiving no more troops and would be forced the surrender to General Montcalm and the French. Montcalm told Fort William Henry that he would allow them to leave with all their belongings, without a fight. However, once the party left the fort, they were surrounded and almost everyone was killed. The Munro sisters and David were once again captured by Magua. The book also discusses the alliances between Europeans and Indians. The French and English were quick to make friends with the Indians because they knew they would need their help. The Indians knew the woods and how to liv... ... to see their enimie’s. They also were very careful not to leave tracks. They used the river whenever possible so their footprints could not be followed. The Indians could even tell when someone had tried to cover their tracks by the way branches had been broken and other things like that. I found the way Indians communicate to be very interesting. The Mohicans spoke about how the Indians have one word for everything and they change how they want to express that word with the pitch of there voice. The Mohicans stressed how much the tone of voice mattered to them. This book has enticed me to learn more about the Indians and their customs. They seemed to kill animals for no reason but after they were questioned by the Europeans they gave good answers. At one point in the book they killed a deer and then told Cora and Alice that the deer would have given them away and by killing the young deer it wouldn’t face any hardship that might have come its way. I also found their shouts of war interesting and I would like to learn more about them. The story itself is what really kept me reading though. It was suspenseful and exciting. In closing, I’m glad I read this book.

Smoke in the Air :: essays research papers

The Smoke in the Air Marijuana is probably the most debatable plant in history. It has been around for millennia in various forms and uses. However, it’s known mostly as a drug. In the Americas, its beginnings can be traced back almost 456 years when the Spanish first brought it with them in 1545 (Levinthal). Cannabis sativa or marijuana, as it’s commonly known, is commercially valuable in the production of hemp rope, crude cloth, twine, shoes, sailcloth and containers (Levinthal, Keese). Notably, marijuana can be also be utilized in the development of medicines to ease a number of modern-day aliments. In ancient times, it was considered a cash crop. In the 20th century, however, marijuana is looked upon more as a narcotic than a plant that has commercial potential. The beginnings of marijuana's political life in American history can be traced as far back as 1915, when marijuana prohibition started on a local and statewide level, mainly owing to anti-Mexican sentiments (Bonnie 1). From 1932 to 1937, national consciousness of marijuana was brought about by anti-marijuana campaigns funded by the federal authorities in support of the Uniform Narcotic Drug Act (Bonnie 1). This resulted in the passage of the Marijuana Tax Act. From then on marijuana hysteria escalated. The government enacted stiff penalties on most marijuana offenses, even simple possession (Bonnie 1). Marijuana possession became a felony in most states, until 1973, when Oregon became the first state to decriminalize marijuana. Since then the government has began to take a non-criminal approach towards discouraging marijuana use (Bonnie 1). Escalating marijuana consumption and its penetration in all levels of society, has forced every state to amend its penalties in some fashion or a nother (Bonnie 1). Today, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada and Washington have joined Oregon by decriminalizing marijuana (Central News Network). Those opposed to marijuana in the past have met fierce resistance from advocates for its decriminalization. The debate is rapidly becoming political. Marijuana’s significance as a medicine is no longer an issue. The issue at present is whether or not the sanctions against marijuana are socially and economically viable to keep in place. As put by Richard J. Bonnie, author of Marijuana Use and Criminal Sanctions, "legislators must somehow 'weigh' the 'benefits' of criminal sanctions against their 'costs'" (16). Marijuana should be decriminalized in order to minimize the social, legal, and economical repercussions suffered by the American public. Marijuana sanctions are affecting the American public in three ways.

Personal Narrative Essay - Learning from Mother :: College Admissions Essays

Learning from Mother Education is not to teach men facts, theories or laws, not to reform or amuse them or make them expert technicians. It is to unsettle their minds, widen their horizons, inflame their intellect, teach them to think straight, if possible, but to think nevertheless.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Maynard Hutchins At each point in my life, I had fabulous teachers that helped open my mind to the bigger world outside. But the person who taught me the most was my mother. As a voracious reader, she gave me the example I emulate to this day. Then, I couldn't understand how she could stand reading so much nonfiction; I preferred novels. Now I see that her reading provided the necessary tonic to life among the Orr tribe. She was also my English coach: Any time I had a paper to work on, I sketched out my draft and then she would show me how to make it coherent. All her efforts finally paid off when I received the writing award at school-she had finally taught her daughter to write! She also was on the school board at my grade school, was politically active, and was active in our church. Seeing her stand up to error in public situations gave me the strength to do the same. Sadly, I had to fight error in my high school history class. I disputed my religion teacher's position concerning the civil rights movement (just one of many discussions we had that year). But without Mom's example, I would have been silent like the other kids. I could speak up because she also took the time to teach an added course to me on Saturdays-not only did I go to class every weekday at school, but Mom held special sessions of history class every Saturday afternoon, replete with really hard memorization

Application of Key Systems Theory Concepts Essay

Bright Light Limited (BLL) has grown wide and far. It envelopes several departments which function according to the information provided to it. It collectively contributes to the efficient functioning of the enterprise. All its departments require several Information system’s to manage its data and evaluate the productivity of the resources. It has occupied a good share in the market because of its quality and excellent service. Presently, the use of IS is not done in full force. It once decided to implement a CAD/CAM system but no avail. The operations of all the departments cannot be tracked and any irregularities of the organization are not captured. This may lead to poor quality of goods and service. The IS would bring the elements of the organization to the same page so that every department can interact with each other to share information anytime and be in synchronization with the developments taking place. All the loopholes and exceptional cases can be captured to optimize the use of resources. Proper engineering principals have been discussed so that every requirement is enveloped into the IS and can be managed to optimize the present working of the organization. The implementation of IS would give a defined structure to the organization and stay in healthy communication with all the departments. The IS would be an organization itself and would manage all the resources effectively. The involvement of IS would enable them to compete with international threats in the market. B) Task 1 BLL has several suppliers such as producers of electronic components, glass, transistors and many others. The company purchases raw materials from these suppliers are integrate them to make a deliverable product. The final product is sold to a number of local, national and international wholesalers and retailers. The involvements of the departments are quite evident in the process of transition from materials procurement to final delivery. 1. Application of Key Systems Theory Concepts: The entire process of input->process->output is quite evident in the process of rendering customers with products and services. The inputs are in the form of customer request. Primarily the development of products would be done based on the previous goods sold and the feedback received. The type of products namely light bulbs and fluorescents are manufactured by the organization and sold to the retailers and wholesalers nationwide and internationally. Figure 1 : System diagram of the Organization process. a. Inputs: The nature of inputs is in the form of customers’ orders and feedbacks. They are also in the form of raw materials procured from the suppliers which ultimately are processed to form finished goods. Once the customer places the orders, according to the dimension of the order, it is taken up for compliance. The right amount of raw materials is ordered from the suppliers and it passes through the design process. The final product after the quality check is delivered to the customer in time. The process of selling might be over at this stage but marketing group takes over to get the feedback and improve their service conditions and product quality for greater satisfaction. So at this stage the customers’ order and feedback both act as inputs to the organization. The raw materials purchased from the suppliers also act as inputs for the finished products. b. Process: There are a number of processes which are present in the organization that directly and indirectly influence the working of the organization and in shaping various forms of output. The most crucial process is the ordering of raw materials after an order is placed. This process is quite essential for the further processing of the order, its quality factors, timely delivery and customer satisfaction. The next process would be the combination of the raw materials so that the correct blend enables to produce quality goods for gaining customer satisfaction. Another process would be to collect the feedback from the customer which happens to be a lengthy process. It would require patience on the part of the organization to collect after sales data for further processing to create a better process chain and innovate the look and feel of products to cater better audience. The HRM process would enable findings of the worker output, taking care of the human resources in the organization and training them for newer business objectives and process innovation. There are several small processes such as logistics and despatch which would handle the management of the products namely bulbs and fluorescents. It would function for warehousing, inventory management and delivery of the products to the customer. c. Output: There are quite a number of forms of output which helps the organization to take care of customer needs and render greater satisfaction of service. One is the finished goods which serve the customers either entirely or through the means of wholesalers and retailers. The feedback of the customers forms a greater source of output for after sales service and to make their product better. Another form of output is the worker productivity and resource utilization so that the turnover can be assessed after eliminating the wastage of resources. d. Feedback The source of feedback is from various sources. One is from the employees who work in the organization. They are best to identify the positive and negative factors to be capitalize so as to encompass the demerits and the irregularities. They stand best for providing the feedback as they work at the ground level and are able to understand the micro level problems which must be taken care at the earliest. The other form of feedback is from the customer for after sales feedback and for product innovation. e. Boundary It defines the scope of the organization to the level of service. The scope is in the production of bulbs and fluorescents only. The company has not diversified into other forms of business and concentrates into only few products. To have a greater share of the market into related products it must diversify the product base so as to cover against losses. f. Interaction with the environment The environment constitutes of the suppliers and the customers. The suppliers are the ones who supply for raw materials and must be taken care by the organization in allowing them special privileges and offers. They must be acknowledged for their service and could in some circumstances be allowed to share profits of the organization. They must be given a representation in the management of the company. 2. Analysis of Information flow throughout the departments: The major decision making is done and propagated by the managing director to the marketing, human resources and electrical engineering and design departments. Once they have a clear and planned mind set of the aims they are able to work on the targets required to be met. The communication is downward in case for higher management and lateral for the middle and lower management.

A House of My Dream: Every Person Has His Own Idea of a Perfect House

Since the time immemorial people always wanted to make their dwelling a place, where one feels comfortable and cosy, where one always wants to come back to. A dwelling of my dream is not a flat but a two-storeyed mansion. And as a real hostess I’d like to arrange everything in the house according to my taste. Now, let me tell you about my house. When you come to me, you push a big wooden front door, wiping your feet on the door-mat, and enter the hall. The floor is covered with a fitted carpet, the wallpaper is light and has a small pattern. There’s a seat and a small table near the wall and a huge mirror above it. Then you enter the living-room. The bright full-length curtains are drawn back, and sunshine fills the room. The living-room suite, consisting of a sideboard, a bookcase, a sofa, an elegant coffee table and three armchairs, is arranged around three walls. There’s a video system near the window. On the ground floor there’s also a kitchen and a bathroom. The kitchen is a very large room with a big window. There is a gas cooker with a hood, two wall-cupboards and a sink unit there. Near the opposite wall there is a dishwasher, a refrigerator and a table. Let’s go upstairs and have a look at the bedroom. This is a very cosy and warm room. The bedroom suite consists of a bed, two bedside tables and a wardrobe. The window overlooks the back yard. In my house there is also a terrace, a garage and a garden and so many other things I’d like to have; at least, in my dream house.

Peer Assessment Essay

Introduction This paper discusses the implementation of peer assessment strategy that I carried out in a primary school in Dar es Salaam during my practicum. It consists of a background, rationale, the implementation process and conclusion. The challenges encountered and their possible solutions on how to overcome them.. Background Black and William (1998) define assessment as all those activities undertaken by teachers, and students in assessing themselves, which provide information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged. There are two major types of assessment, formative assessment and summative assessment. And thus, Peer assessment is one of the forms of formative assessment. Besides, Higher Education Academy- UK, (2006) is an alternative form of assessment in which learners are given the opportunity to measure and evaluate each other’s compliments of the specified learning outcomes. It is used to involve students more closely in their learning and its evaluation and enable them to really understand what is required of them. (Phil et al 2006) This is a form of formative assessment which teachers can use in class assignments, tests, presentations, project based work and practical tasks. These tasks can be performed by learners either in pairs, by multiple assessors’ or in groups. It is where learners consider and specify the level, value or quality of a product or performance of other equal status learners (Topping, 2008). This therefore means that learners are able to learn better because they assess their peers work and give appropriate feedback which helps them to improve their own work. It also leads to a number of benefits in terms of the learning process for instance encouraging thinking, increasing learning and increasing students’ confidence Gardner (2006), students find it easier to make sense of criteria for their work if they examine other student’s work alongside their own. It is uniquely valuable because the interchange is in language that students themselves would naturally use, because they learn by taking roles of teachers and examiners of others (Saddler, 1998) Rationale. Eckstein and Noah (1992) argue that teachers teach to the test therefore leaving out some non-examinable but important skills set out in the curriculum. This is evident because most schools in the developing world concentrate on exams which is summative assessment and because of the backwash of this type of assessment, it impedes rather than promote social justice by locking many young people out of the education system, (Cunningham 1998). This summative assessment limits potential in enhancing teaching and learning which makes learners not to get prompt feedback to help them improve on their performance (Brooks, 2002). PA saves the teachers’ time because it takes a shorter time to mark and grade assignments using it than when a teacher marks all the books. This gives the teacher ample time to prepare for other lessons. By using PA, the teacher is able to give feedback to the pupils in a littler time than when the teacher uses traditional method of marking. PA was introduced with an intention to encourage students to take responsibility for their learning. It makes them feel valued because their suggestions are put into account. According to Irons (2008) PA encourages dialogue between the teacher and learners themselves as they negotiate the best assessment criteria when making a rubric to evaluate their work. This makes students really understand what is required of them. Phil Race et al, asserts that students learn deeply when they have a sense of ownership of the agenda and if PA is done using the students design, there tends to be a sense of ownership of the criteria used than when they apply the tutors’ criteria. Furthermore, PA allows students to learn from each other’s successes. In some instances students notice that the work they are assessing is better than their own efforts, therefore they can benefit from the work of the most able in the group. Similarly, it helps students to learn from each other’s weaknesses too. When they discover mistakes in their peers work, it is usually good for them as the awareness of ‘what not to do’ increases and therefore refrain from making the same mistake. (Phil et al 2006) Development My practicum was in a primary school in Dar es Salaam city. I was allocated standard seven to teach English. Standard 7A is rather a large class with a roll of fifty three pupils. Boys were twenty eight while girls were twenty five. All were present. This was a double English lesson of forty minutes each. The Topic was Comprehension, Sub-topic; The library; Lenders and Borrowers. My main objectives were; by the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to read, understand, formulate questions, discuss and be able to evaluate their peers work using a rubric. I made a detailed lesson plan showing the teachers and learners activities. My teaching and learning resources were standard seven text books, dictionaries, flash cards with new words written on them, pictures of a library. The lesson started at 8. 00am to 9. 20am. Implementation I introduced the lesson with a vocabulary song as a brainstorming activity that was led by one of the pupils. I explained what I expected of them throughout the lesson, then used the self-selecting method to form groups of six and told them to choose a leader. We went through the guidelines that they would follow in their discussion groups. The passage had six paragraphs so I gave each group a paragraph. The learners read the passage as they listened to one another, noted down difficult or new words, and then generated three questions from their assigned paragraph. I assisted to organise the groups and how they would present. One member quickly read their paragraph as the rest of the class listened, other members gave new words that they came across and the three questions they had formulated. As they presented their findings I was writing on the blackboard the new words they had encountered, and the questions they had constructed. Together we discussed meanings of these words as pupils tried using them in sentences and checking them out in the dictionary. I noted that discussions were being led in Kiswahili though it was an English lesson. Cummins in McKay (2008) and Ellis stated that the first language (L1) is important because sometimes learners first think in it to make meaning in English. However, the discussion was very lively and everybody tried to participate. It also concurred with Goetz (2002) that different views from learners influence the direction of a lesson creating new learning experiences for both the teacher and the learner. As a class, we discussed the questions on the blackboard then I asked them to write the work in their exercise books, collect and put them on the teachers table. Together we discussed and made a marking criterion on the blackboard. I asked the class prefect to distribute the books to the learners making sure that one did not mark his or her own book. They carefully used the rubric to mark their peers work, then returned them to the owners to check and in case of any complains i moderated and explained to their satisfaction. Finally I gave each a foolscap and asked them to write down what they felt about the new method of assessment. This exercise was mainly to analyze the learners’ reflections and to evaluate myself as a teacher. Challenges My first challenge was the English teacher assigned to me was not co-operative. He was not willing to hand over a candidate class to me. I made him understand that my input would be beneficial to his professional development and the students’ grades. During group work, some learners took it for story telling time. I had a rough time controlling the noise and putting them back to focus. The chosen group leaders helped me have order in the groups and ensured participation of all members. Code switching was common as I related with the learners and as they interacted in their discussion groups. It was a challenge because they did not have the confidence to express themselves. Very few picked courage and participated in English. The rest when picked upon would request to speak in Kiswahili. I encouraged them to have confidence and to continue speaking in English because practice makes perfect. The learning environment was not very conducive. The floor was dusty and had pot holes. This was likely to cause health problems and injury. Due to the large class, desks were not enough. Learners shared four or five per desk  which was quite uncomfortable. I advised the administration to discuss the matter with stakeholders so that the class would be repaired and desks added. This class did not have any teaching learning materials on the walls. They only had text books which were inadequate in a ratio of 1:5. Sharing was a problem because not all could access them. I advised the teacher that teaching and learning aids helped students to construct knowledge for themselves and develop effective learning strategies, thus laying a solid foundation for life-long learning. I also urged him to improvise teaching aids by using locally available materials for example, carton boxes to write on vocabularies and sentence structures and hang on the walls. I realized that peer assessment can be time consuming if practiced in a large class. Grouping learners, discussions, presentations and awarding marks consumed a lot of time which affected the next lesson. Since the school had extra classrooms, I encouraged him to create an extra stream and transfer some learners from 7A and 7B to the new stream if learners were to benefit from this kind of assessment. This is because a class of fifty three was too large putting into consideration the slow learners and learners with special needs who needed special attention. Conclusion Peer assessment had good impact on the teaching learning process where the learners and I jointly got involved in the assessment process hence owning the entire peer assessment procedures integrated in the lesson. This resulted into meaningful learning where feedback was instant. However, there were some challenges which we jointly addressed with the learners. For PA to be successful, meaningful procedures have to be put in place. References Black, P. &William. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning: Assessment in education,principles, policy and practice in Irons, A. (2008). Enhancing learning through formative assessment and feedback. London: Routledge. Cunning,G. K. (1998). Assessment in the classroom: constructing and interpreting tests. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Irons, A. (2008). Enhancing learning through formative assessment and feedback. London: Routledge. Race, P. , Brown, S. &Smith. (2006). 500 Tips on assessment (2nd edition). London: Routledge. Shepherdson, D.