Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin

In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug that has helped save millions of lives. Dirty Petri Dishes On a September morning in 1928, Alexander Fleming sat at his workbench at St. Marys Hospital after having just returned from a vacation at the Dhoon (his country house) with his family. Before he had left on vacation, Fleming had piled a number of his Petri dishes to the side of the bench so that Stuart R. Craddock could use his workbench while he was away. Back from vacation, Fleming was sorting through the long unattended stacks to determine which ones could be salvaged. Many of the dishes had been contaminated. Fleming placed each of these in an ever-growing pile in a tray of Lysol. Looking for a Wonder Drug Much of Flemings work focused on the search for a wonder drug. Though the concept of bacteria had been around since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described it in 1683, it wasnt until the late nineteenth century that Louis Pasteur confirmed that bacteria caused diseases. However, though they had this knowledge, no one had yet been able to find a chemical that would kill harmful bacteria but also not harm the human body. In 1922, Fleming made an important discovery, lysozyme. While working with some bacteria, Flemings nose leaked, dropping some mucus onto the dish. The bacteria disappeared. Fleming had discovered a natural substance found in tears and nasal mucus that helps the body fight germs. Fleming now realized the possibility of finding a substance that could kill bacteria but not adversely affect the human body. Finding the Mold In 1928, while sorting through his pile of dishes, Flemings former lab assistant, D. Merlin Pryce stopped by to visit with Fleming. Fleming took this opportunity to gripe about the amount of extra work he had to do since Pryce had transferred from his lab. To demonstrate, Fleming rummaged through the large pile of plates he had placed in the Lysol tray and pulled out several that had remained safely above the Lysol. Had there not been so many, each would have been submerged in Lysol, killing the bacteria to make the plates safe to clean and then reuse. While picking up one particular dish to show Pryce, Fleming noticed something strange about it. While he had been away, a mold had grown on the dish. That in itself was not strange. However, this particular mold seemed to have killed the Staphylococcus aureus that had been growing in the dish. Fleming realized that this mold had potential. What Was That Mold? Fleming spent several weeks growing more mold and trying to determine the particular substance in the mold that killed the bacteria. After discussing the mold with mycologist (mold expert) C. J. La Touche who had his office below Flemings, they determined the mold to be a Penicillium mold. Fleming then called the active antibacterial agent in the mold, penicillin. But where did the mold come from? Most likely, the mold came from La Touches room downstairs. La Touche had been collecting a large sampling of molds for John Freeman, who was researching asthma, and it is likely that some floated up to Flemings lab. Fleming continued to run numerous experiments to determine the effect of the mold on other harmful bacteria. Surprisingly, the mold killed a large number of them. Fleming then ran further tests and found the mold to be non-toxic. Could this be the wonder drug? To Fleming, it was not. Though he saw its potential, Fleming was not a chemist and thus was unable to isolate the active antibacterial element, penicillin, and could not keep the element active long enough to be used in humans. In 1929, Fleming wrote a paper on his findings, which did not garner any scientific interest. 12 Years Later In 1940, the second year of World War II, two scientists at Oxford University were researching promising projects in bacteriology that could possibly be enhanced or continued with chemistry. Australian Howard Florey and German refugee Ernst Chain began working with penicillin. Using new chemical techniques, they were able to produce a brown powder that kept its antibacterial power for longer than a few days. They experimented with the powder and found it to be safe. Needing the new drug immediately for the war front, mass production started quickly. The availability of penicillin during World War II saved many lives that otherwise would have been lost due to bacterial infections in even minor wounds. Penicillin also treated diphtheria, gangrene, pneumonia, syphilis, and tuberculosis. Recognition Though Fleming discovered penicillin, it took Florey and Chain to make it a usable product. Though both Fleming and Florey were knighted in 1944 and all three of them (Fleming, Florey, and Chain) were awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Fleming is still credited for discovering penicillin.

General Categories Of Nonverbal Communication - 944 Words

Forum #1 Paralanguage is one of the general categories of nonverbal communication, which involves using different vocal changes to send meanings (Verderber Verderber, 2013). Paralanguage is composed of five characteristics, pitch, volume, rate, quality, and intonation (Verderber Verderber, 2013). Changing these characteristics impacts the overall meaning of the message we send during conversations. Pitch is how fast or slow your vocal cords vibrate (Verderber Verderber, 2013). This vibration allows your voice to be higher or lower in pitch. For instance, when asking a question our voice pitch is higher at the end. This allows the listener to understand what we are saying as being a question instead of a general statement. However, when trying to emphasize a serious point one may lower the pitch of her voice in order to drive the point home. Volume is the second characteristic, which is the loudness or softness of an individual’s voice (Verderber Verderber, 2013). For example, if trying to get the attention of an individual, you might speak in a softer tone so you get the attention and the person is focused on what you are saying. Whereas, if you are sharing exciting news with a group you may raise the volume of your voice to show reinforce the excitement. The rate characters is the speed of the voice that somebody speaks (Verderber Verderber, 2013). People may naturally talk faster or slower depending on their cultural background and where theyShow MoreRelatedNonverbal Communication Is The Loudest Form Of Communication873 Words   |  4 PagesNonverbal Communication Is The Loudest Form of Communication in Romantic Relationships Makenzie Wells Arizona State University The key to a successful relationship may not be through a spoken interaction, but through a reflection of one’s nonverbal behavior. Nonverbal communication is surprisingly the loudest form of communication, because it is the miracle behind successfully connecting with someone without speaking. There many different forms of nonverbal communication including;Read MoreThree Theories of Nonverbal Communication Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Systematic research on the role of nonverbal behavior in social interaction has been common only in the past 20 to 25 years.†(Edinger and Patterson, 1983, p. 30).because that statement was published in 1983, it is apparent that the study of nonverbal behavior has been around for roughly 50 to 55 years. However, that is still a relatively recent amount of time compared to research in other science fields such as chemistry or biology. Despite the fact that this field is relatively recent there areRead MoreEssay on Analyzing Commun ication Skills1740 Words   |  7 Pagesverbally and nonverbal by eye to eye contact, gestures, body languages, and posture. Many problems arise because of poor communication among leaders. Self-awareness builds a positive school environment through effective communication skills by sending direct messages, feedback, and what is being communicated nonverbally (Davies, 2001). The four communication skills that will be analyzed are; active listening, assertive communication, rapport communication, and nonverbal communication. The questionsRead MoreNonverbal Communication1729 Words   |  7 PagesNon-verbal Communication Introduction Communication is an important aspect in the society. It plays a major role in our day to day activities, relationships, cultural interactions and helps in every day conversations. Communication is the simple process of transferring information from the sender to the receiver. Communication is grouped into different categories; verbal communication which involves words and speech, written communication, visual communication and non-verbal communication (KnappRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Various Databases Used For Academic Journals And Books1061 Words   |  5 PagesSeveral databases were used for this review. Sources primarily came from EBSCO, which included Academic Search Complete, Education Full Text, OmniFile Full Text Mega, General Science Full Text, EBSCO Professional Development Collection, and Social Sciences Full-Text databases. In addition, the EBSCO eBook Collection and the EBSCO ebrary collection for full-text books were utilized. Other databases used for this revi ew include Google Scholar and ERIC. The search was narrowed by limiting sources toRead MoreThe Theory Of The Expectancy Violation Theory1668 Words   |  7 Pagesreactions to unanticipated violations of social norms or expectations. 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There are many things that establish iden tity give meaning to life, define what one becomes, and how one should behave. Distribution and exercise of power shape attitudes towards authority. How people sustain themselves economically, and howRead MoreThe Term â€Å"Culture† Refers To The Complex Accumulation Of1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"culture† refers to the complex accumulation of knowledge, folklore, language, rules, rituals, habits, lifestyles, attitudes, beliefs, and customs that link and provide a general identity to a group of people. Cultures take a long time to develop. There are many things that establish identity give meaning to life, define what one becomes, and how one should behave. Distribution and exercise of power shape attitudes towards authority. How people sustain themselves economically, and how they

Huck Finn The Twisting Tides Of Portrayal Racis Essay Example For Students

Huck Finn: The Twisting Tides Of Portrayal Racis Essay mIn recent years, there has been increasing discussion of the seemingly racist ideas expressed by Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In some cases, the novel has been banned by public school systems and even censored by public libraries. Along with the excessive use of the word, nigger, the basis for this blatant censorship has been the portrayal of one of the main characters in Huck Finn, Jim, a black slave who runs away from his owner, Miss Watson. At several points in the novel, Jims character is described to the reader, and some people have looked upon the presented characterization as racist. However, before one begins to censor a novel it important to distinguish the ideas of the author from the ideas of his characters. It is also important to read carefully to sufficiently capture the underlying themes of a novel. If one were to do this in relation to Huck Finn, one would, without a doubt, realize that it is not racist and is, in fact, anti-slavery. On an superf icial level The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn might appear to be racist. The first time we meet Jim he is given a very negative description. The reader is told that Jim is illiterate, childlike, not very bright, and extremely superstitious. However, it is important not to lose sight of who is giving this description and who it is being given to. Although Huck is not a racist child, he has been raised by extremely racist individuals who have, even if only subconsciously, planted some feelings of superiority into the roots of his mind. It is also important to remember that this description, although quite saddening, is probably accurate. Jim and the millions of other slaves in the South were not given or allowed any formal education, were never allowed any independent thought and were constantly maltreated and abused. Twain is merely portraying a very realistic slave in the South during that time period. To say that Twain is racist because of his desire for historical accuracy is abs urd. He simple strives to show a true representation of societys view of slaves. Despite the few incidences of which Jims description might be misconstrued as racist, there are many points in the novel where through Huck, Twain voices his extreme opposition to the slave trade and racism. In chapter six, Hucks father fervently objects to the governments granting of voting rights to an educated black professor. Twain wants the reader to see the absurdity in this statement. Hucks father believes that he is superior to this black professor simply because of the color of his skin. In chapter 15, the reader is told of an incident which contradicts the original childlike description of Jim. The reader is presented with a very caring and father-like Jim who becomes very worried when he loses his best friend Huck in a deep fog. Twain is pointing out the connection between Huck and Jim. A connection which does not exist between a man and his property. When Huck first meets Jim on the Island he makes a monumental decision whether to turn Jim in or not. He is confronted by two often opposing forces: the force of society and the force of friendship. Huck, although he tries, he is never able to see a reason why this man who has become one of his only friends, should be a slave. By way of this internal struggle, Twain expresses his opinions of the absurdity of slavery and the importance of following ones personal conscience before the laws of society. By the end of the novel, Huck and the reader have come to understand that Jim is not someones property and an inferior man, but an equal. Throughout the novel societys voice is heard through Huck. The racist and hateful contempt which existed at the time is easily apparent in the book. But, it is vital for the reader to recognize these ideas as societys and to recognize that Twain disputes these ideas. Twain brings out into the open the ugliness of society and causes the reader to challenge the original description of Jim. In his subtle manner, he creates not an apology for slavery but a challenge to it. Tw ains opposition to slavery nudges America to think about the cruelty and lack of humanity dwelling in the cold institution of slavery. .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb , .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb .postImageUrl , .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb , .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb:hover , .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb:visited , .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb:active { border:0!important; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb:active , .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4d2034829cc30f893eeceda6ed09bbb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: David And Goliath EssayWords/ Pages : 730 / 24

The effects of tourism on culture and the environment in asia and the pacific free essay sample

INTRODUCTION AsiaPacific or AsiaPacific is the part of the world in or near the Western Pacific Ocean. The region varies in size depending on context, but it typically includes at least much of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. The Asia-Pacific region covers a wide geographical area, with diverse landscapes, climates, societies, cultures, religions, and economies. More than half of the world’s population lives in this region, of which close to half live on less than a dollar per day. Hence, the region contains the worlds largest number of people living in poverty. Asia-Pacific region generally includes: Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, Peoples Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau, Fiji, Indonesia, Japan Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga Republic of China (Taiwan), Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam, United State s Territories American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Sometimes included India (member of the East Asia Summit), Mongolia (landlocked country in East Asia), Myanmar (Burma) (member of the ASEAN), Russia (the Russian Far East borders the Pacific Ocean). We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of tourism on culture and the environment in asia and the pacific or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With its diversity as an asset, the region has enjoyed remarkable economic growth  in the last four decades. Several countries are experiencing rapid changes in economic development, population growth and urbanization, social transformation, and technological development, and these countries share common economic drivers. The expanding economy in Asia and the Pacific has brought about increased interdependence among the countries in terms of natural resources, finance, and trade. The economic expansion and population growth in Asia-Pacific over the last 40 years was underpinned by the region’s rich natural environment. The tourism sector in Asia and the Pacific is thriving, with the region accounting for 22% of inbound tourism arrivals in 2010. Noticeably, in 2010, China placed third in inbound tourism arrivals and fourth in inbound tourism expenditure in the world. In 2010, international tourism recovered more strongly than expected from the shock it had suffered in 2009 from economic recession and the global financial crisis. The estimated worldwide number of inbound tourism arrivals in 2010 was 940 million, up 6.6% over 2009 and 2.5% more than the pre-crisis peak in 2008. While some destinations are still struggling to come out of the crisis, the tourism sector in Asia and the Pacific has been buoyant. The Asia-Pacific region had an increase in inbound tourism arrivals of 13% between 2009 and 2010, making the region a leader in the global recovery of tourism. In comparison with other regions across the globe, Asia and the Pacific had the second highest growth in inbound tourism arrivals in 2010 over 2009. The Middle East was the fastest growing region (up 14.1%) in 2010, following a significant drop (of 4.3%) in 2009; As ia and the Pacific posted only a modest drop of 1.7% in 2009. Inbound tourism arrivals were up 7.3% in Africa, followed by Americas (up 6.6%) and Europe (up 3.3%). In 2009, Africa was the only region where inbound tourism arrivals increased (by 4%). In Asia and the Pacific, for the first time ever, inbound tourism arrivals surpassed 200 million in 2010. Overall, the Asia-Pacific regional share of world arrivals rose by 1.2 percentage points in 2010, for a 22% share among the world’s regions. The successful marketing stories of India and Malaysia, the massive rail expansion in China, the new resort developments in Singapore and Macao, China and the revitalized policy of Japan towards tourism, as well as the â€Å"visit year† campaigns in Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, have helped buoy Asia-Pacific tourism. ASEAN has also adopted a long-term tourism strategy to help the development of the tourism  sector in the sub region. Tourism plays a very important role on a society because it is an aid to gain more income and to place many job opportunities to jobless individuals. Tourism therefore became the major income generator on the regions of Asia and the Pacific. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problems stated in this research paper are the following: 1. Why the tourism industry trends much on the Asia-Pacific region? 2. What is the role of tourism on the economy of the region? 3. What are the positive and negative effects of tourism on culture and environment? 4. How does tourism affect livelihood on the region? 5. What is the significance of tourism on a country? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objective of the study is to gain an understanding of the nature of the effects of tourism on the local culture, environment and economy. The study purports: 1. To review the existing literature on tourism with an emphasis on the government policy and the present infrastructure of tourism; 2. To create a typology of tourism sites based on their similarities and difference; 3. To carry out in-depth case studies of two locations and to determine the impact of tourism on the people inhabiting those locations. 4. To come up with an answer and a solution regarding the problems that may arise in the particular event. 5. To increase the number of tourist arrivals. 6. To promote the environment, historical and cultural heritage and raise the quality of services and facilities related to tourism. 7. To develop the necessary infrastructure for the operation of efficient, safe, comfortable, and quality air services for the proper advancement of the tourism industry. 8. To gain more knowledge about the topic. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research is conducted for the researchers to gain more knowledge and to share to others what the ideas that they have gathered. The importance of this study is that we could gain more knowledge and understanding about the said topic. As citizens, it is our right to deeper our understanding on what is the connections of those things regarding on our daily life and activities. This is also intended to make everyone aware of the events that might go to happen regarding the subject, so that they will find also an easy way to go through it and synchronize them for a better environment adaptation. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS The Effects of Tourism on the Culture and Environment in Asia and the Pacific is a research paper project which deals about the major issues regarding how tourism will affect the culture and environment of a specific region which includes its significance and the solutions regarding the problem. This study only covers on how tourism affects the regions of Asia and the Pacific regarding in the means of culture, tradition and environment. The study is largely based on secondary information. Therefore it is difficult to quantify the impact of tourism on the culture and environment. Though there have been numerous studies related to tourism, these studies pertain to specific locations, which are not representative of the region as a whole. Since interviewing the respondents was not based on any scientific sample surveys, the results do not correlate directly to the inferences which are drawn from the sample surveys. The study is conducted by the research team at the College of Communication, Information Technology, Calamba, Misamis Occidental.

Free Essays on Nullification Crisis

Nullification Crisis In 1828, John C. Calhoun had began the protracted Nullification Crisis by asserting the constitutional right of states to â€Å"nullify† national laws that were harmful to their interests. The Nullification Crisis had a major impact on the United States. Congress passed a tariff to protect the northern manufacturers and businessmen. Southerners thought that the industrialization of the north would lead to the downfall of the southern economy. They named the tariff the â€Å"Tariff of Abominations.† Vice-president John C. Calhoun of South Carolina led the movement of people who thought that â€Å" a combined geographical interest should not be able to disregard the general welfare and turn an important local interest should not be able to disregard the general welfare and turn an important local interest to its own profit† (Coit 12). Calhoun did not agree the secession of South Carolina so he tried to think of a substitute. His idea was nullification. Calhoun viewed nullification as the right of a â€Å"single state to veto, within its own borders, a federal law that it deemed unconstitutional subject to the later approval of at least one fourth of the states. If such approval was not forthcoming, the state shou ld, if it wished, be allowed to secede from the Union† (Coit 12). The South knew that nowhere in the constitution did it give Congress the right to simply protect industry. President Andrew Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff. Business and farming interest in the state had hoped that Jackson would use his presidential power to modify tariff laws that they had disagreed with. To the South, all the benefits of protection were going to Northern manufacturers, and while the country as a whole grew richer, South Carolina grew poorer because the planters at to pay higher prices. The president asked Congress to lower the tariffs, to make th... Free Essays on Nullification Crisis Free Essays on Nullification Crisis Nullification Crisis In 1828, John C. Calhoun had began the protracted Nullification Crisis by asserting the constitutional right of states to â€Å"nullify† national laws that were harmful to their interests. The Nullification Crisis had a major impact on the United States. Congress passed a tariff to protect the northern manufacturers and businessmen. Southerners thought that the industrialization of the north would lead to the downfall of the southern economy. They named the tariff the â€Å"Tariff of Abominations.† Vice-president John C. Calhoun of South Carolina led the movement of people who thought that â€Å" a combined geographical interest should not be able to disregard the general welfare and turn an important local interest should not be able to disregard the general welfare and turn an important local interest to its own profit† (Coit 12). Calhoun did not agree the secession of South Carolina so he tried to think of a substitute. His idea was nullification. Calhoun viewed nullification as the right of a â€Å"single state to veto, within its own borders, a federal law that it deemed unconstitutional subject to the later approval of at least one fourth of the states. If such approval was not forthcoming, the state shou ld, if it wished, be allowed to secede from the Union† (Coit 12). The South knew that nowhere in the constitution did it give Congress the right to simply protect industry. President Andrew Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff. Business and farming interest in the state had hoped that Jackson would use his presidential power to modify tariff laws that they had disagreed with. To the South, all the benefits of protection were going to Northern manufacturers, and while the country as a whole grew richer, South Carolina grew poorer because the planters at to pay higher prices. The president asked Congress to lower the tariffs, to make th...

Free Essays on SARS Case Definition

A suspected case is classified as having disease in a person with documented fever to imperative greater than 38 Centigrade; lower respiratory tract symptoms and contact with a person believed to have had SARS or a history of travel to areas with SARS. A suspected case with (1) chest radiographic pneumonia, (2) acute respiratory distress syndrome or (3) an unexplained respiratory illness in death with autopsy findings consistent with pathology of ARDS without an identifiable cause is classified as a probable case. The surveillance begins on 1 November 2002 to capture cases of atypical pneumonia in China are recognized as SARS. Close contact: having cared, lived with or had a direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a suspect case of SARS. Suspected Case A person with an unexplained acute respiratory illness resulting in death after 1 November, 2002, but on whom no autopsy has been performed, and one or more of the following exposures during 10 days prior to onset of symptoms: a) contact with a person who is a suspect of SARS, b) history of travel to an area with local transmission of SARS, c) residing in area with recent local transmission of SARS. Probable Case 1. A suspected case with radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent with pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome on chest x-ray. 2. A suspect case of SARS coronavirus. 3. A suspect case with autopsy findings consistent with the pathology of ARDS without an identifiable cause. Exclusion Criteria A case should be excluded in an alternative diagnosis can fully explain the illness. Reclassification of Cases As SARS is currently a diagnosis of exclusion, the status of a reported case may change over time. A pattern should always be managed a clinically, regardless of their case status. Â · A case initially classified a suspect or probable, for which an alternative diagnosis can fully explain the illness, should be ... Free Essays on SARS Case Definition Free Essays on SARS Case Definition A suspected case is classified as having disease in a person with documented fever to imperative greater than 38 Centigrade; lower respiratory tract symptoms and contact with a person believed to have had SARS or a history of travel to areas with SARS. A suspected case with (1) chest radiographic pneumonia, (2) acute respiratory distress syndrome or (3) an unexplained respiratory illness in death with autopsy findings consistent with pathology of ARDS without an identifiable cause is classified as a probable case. The surveillance begins on 1 November 2002 to capture cases of atypical pneumonia in China are recognized as SARS. Close contact: having cared, lived with or had a direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a suspect case of SARS. Suspected Case A person with an unexplained acute respiratory illness resulting in death after 1 November, 2002, but on whom no autopsy has been performed, and one or more of the following exposures during 10 days prior to onset of symptoms: a) contact with a person who is a suspect of SARS, b) history of travel to an area with local transmission of SARS, c) residing in area with recent local transmission of SARS. Probable Case 1. A suspected case with radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent with pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome on chest x-ray. 2. A suspect case of SARS coronavirus. 3. A suspect case with autopsy findings consistent with the pathology of ARDS without an identifiable cause. Exclusion Criteria A case should be excluded in an alternative diagnosis can fully explain the illness. Reclassification of Cases As SARS is currently a diagnosis of exclusion, the status of a reported case may change over time. A pattern should always be managed a clinically, regardless of their case status. Â · A case initially classified a suspect or probable, for which an alternative diagnosis can fully explain the illness, should be ...

What are the pronciples that need to underpin the planning and Essay

What are the pronciples that need to underpin the planning and devlivery of Collective worship in a Catholic School - Essay Example But recently these concepts had been redefined under the 1988 Education Reform Act (ERA), which provided the legal framework behind the collective worship principle in schools in Great Britain today. This law is responsible for most of the reforms that took place in British schools in the past decades. In the context of collective worship, the ERA sought to modify the 1944 statute by mandating that collective worship is a â€Å"broadly Christian character if it reflects the broad traditions of Christian belief without being distinctive of any particular Christian denomination.† (Edge 2002, p. 305) According to the DFE religious education in schools should seek: to develop pupil’s knowledge, understanding and awareness of Christianity, as the predominant religion in Great Britain, and the other principal religions represented in the country; to encourage respect for those holding different beliefs; and to help pupils’ spiritual, moral, social and cultural developm ent. (cited in Wright and Brandom 2000, p. 15) And collective worship is an integral part of this initiative as it is believed that it will be able to achieve for students an understanding of how to live in the modern society. In addition, collective worship is seen as a tool that is available to teachers to complement educational purposes. Wright and Brandom summed up six key aims of collective worship in school: The first is a moral one because collective worship analyses contemporary issues affecting young people and presents varying responses to them; the second seeks to help students identify and think about themselves, of the mysterious universe in which their lives are set and of the strangeness of modern living; the third is about helping student develop their values further; the fourth focuses and celebrates the shared values manifested by respective school communities; the fifth pertains to the encouragement of community spirit, interaction and relationship

Flight Stability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Flight Stability - Essay Example The most important flight management and control information is based on stability principles that are mainly referred to as static and dynamic principles. Considerations of the stability elements as highlighted in the section below are useful in the formulation of appropriate stability systems in aeroplanes. A balanced position of an aeroplane in flight is termed as a trimmed position in terms of stability, which is affected by introduction of static instability forces. Static stability is the capacity of an aeroplane experiencing static disturbance to revert to its trimmed state. An aeroplane is deemed to be in stability if there are no changes of acceleration towards a particular axis when in flight. When the aeroplane is exposed to static forces of disturbance, instability is experienced and the ability of the aeroplane to return to the static condition is determined by its capacity to overcome the disturbance and achieve the earlier stability (Ly 1997, p23). In the trimmed state, the aeroplane is generally in a stable condition that does not require extra input in order for it to be sustained in the condition. The aeroplane must be installed with systems to assist it revert to the steady state after a disturbance, which creates a disorientation of the stable axis conditions. Along the longitudinal axis, the appropriate conditions are achieved by introducing elevator trim tabs which are engaged until the previous static condition is achieved (Pamadi, 1998). This is achieved by the aeroplane system where the input of the pilot is not needed because it is on a hands-free operation installed in the design of the aeroplane. To assist in the detection of the instability of the aeroplane after a static disturbance, there are two types of analyses systems that can be used in such systems. On one hand, there is the stick-fixed manoeuvre which detects disturbance and maintains the same position in response while stick-free system is designed to

Success of Henry VII in strengthening the financial position of the Crown Essay Example for Free

Success of Henry VII in strengthening the financial position of the Crown Essay Crown lands were the kings estates. There were many ways in which Henry increased the yield of his crown lands. * Henry gained a lot of land from the Battle of Bosworth by naming himself king before the day of the battle therefore making all his opponents traitors and had the right to attain them all. * He gained a lot of land partly by good fortune from York and Lancaster. * Henry was not as generous as pass kings e.g. Edward IV, and kept most of his lands to himself but with the exception with some people like his mother, his uncle Jasper. * Used escheats, which were a right for the king to have lands passed to him when men died without heirs. * Skilful workers that helped Henry increase yield of lands e.g. Duchy of Lancaster and Sir Reginald Bray. Effectiveness of policy. Income from crown lands was increased by 30 % generally during his reign and with the help of Sir Reginald Bray the annual income of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½650 increased 10 fold. Custom duties. Theses were levied on wool, leather, cloth and wine. It was a fee, which was needed to be paid for trading. Edward IV increased his income by increasing trade and cutting down on embezzlement at all levels. Henry did the same and followed what Edward IV did. Effectiveness of policy. The average annual receipts were à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½33,000 for the first 10 years of the reign and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40,000 thereafter, so there was not a great deal of raised income. Feudal dues. Feudal dues were paid be people who held land from the king in return for military service. Feudal dues included: * Wardship, in which the king took control in the estates of minors until they came an age. * Livery, the payment to recover lands out of wardship. * Marriage, right of crown to arrange marriages for unmarried heirs/heiresses. * Relief, payment made so that the crown recognised inheritance of land rather then reclaiming it to the throne. Effectiveness of policy. Initially the proceeds from wardship and marriage were small, amounting to only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½350 in 1487, but after 1503 a special officer was appointed to supervise them and by 1507 the annual income was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 a massive increase. Revenue through the operation of the judicial system. As monarch, Henry was head of the judicial system and was therefore entitled to its profits. Henry made the most of this by doing a number of things. * Fines: Henry was eager to exact fines rather then imprisonment or execution to increase his incomes. * Attainders: Method of punishment whereby the profits from the attained persons lands go to the crown. Effectiveness of policy. There were a lot of attainders e.g. Sir William Stanley had to payà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,000 and thenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 p.a. for his treason in 1495. The highest passed was 51, total of 140, a third reversed. Parliamentary grants. Extraordinary revenue was money which came to the crow on particular occasions and therefore with no regularity. It arose from the obligation of the kings subjects to help him when the national interest was threatened. It was received, by the king requesting for the parliamentary consent. The usual type of tax levied was a national assessment. Effectiveness of policy. Parliamentary grants were less successful as they restricted Henrys freedom of action in return for money. By 1485 the taxes raised had ossified into a fixed sum of about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½29,000. Loans and benevolences. The king could rely on loans from his richer subjects in times of emergency by request, and was almost virtually impossible to decline. Effectiveness of policy. It was effective in the way it was quite successful as Henry had only asked modest amounts of money from his subjects and had always repaid back, probably to lessen the risk of rebellion of some sort. Feudal obligations. As feudal overlord Henry could demand money from his subjects for special occasions e.g. the knighting of his eldest son, marriage of his eldest daughter. Effectiveness of policy. Anyone who earned more then à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 p.a. had to become a knight, along with the financial burdens that it entailed in military service. So this would have made a lot of money to add to the kings income from the financial burdens. Clerical dues and other income from the church. Convocation usually offered money when the king was requesting it from the parliament grant e.g. in 1489 when à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 was raised for the French war. Effectiveness of policy. Due to a rash of deaths amongst the bishops in the last years of the reign, Henry received over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 per annum in this way.

Julius Caesar Essay -- essays research papers

How Betrayal Led to Downfall in Julius Caesar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare shows how friends often betray each other. Julius Caesar is about to be crowned king of Rome, when some well-known Romans decide that it is not a good idea for this to happen. They form a conspiracy and kill Caesar. Brutus, an honorable Roman and a very good friend of Caesar’s, betrays Caesar by killing him for the good of Rome. Antony, Caesar’s best friend and another honorable Roman, betrays Brutus by turning against the conspirators. Cassius, a respected Roman, and Brutus betray each other by arguing and destroying their friendship. All this betraying lead to many deaths in the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Brutus betrayed Caesar for the good of Rome by killing him, he had no idea that he would regret it later on in his life. Brutus wanted to kill Caesar because he thought that if Caesar became king, he would forget who his real friends are and he would not pay attention to them. He also thought that Caesar would become too powerful and therefore did not want him to be king. This is shown when Portia says, â€Å"†¦Brutus hath a suit / that Caesar will not grant†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2.4.41-42). Although Brutus had a clear conscience, the people of Rome did not. This eventually led to Brutus being driven out of Rome by the citizens. Not being associated with Rome anymore made Brutus’ life worse and he eventually took his own life as the only way to...

Stereotyping and Its Effects

Stereotyping, brought on by the existence of a class system, has many positive effects in John Steinbeck†s Grapes of Wrath. This class system, made up of migrants and affluent people, is present due to the fact that many of the affluent people stereotype the migrants as poor, uneducated, and easily agitated human beings. Thus, this sets a boundary between the educated individuals and migrants. At first, most migrants ignore the effects stereotyping has on them. But towards the end of their journeys to California, the migrants† rage that had been gradually building up inside lets out and the migrants take action. The effects are more positive as the migrants strive for an education, receive sympathy, and calmly deal with conflicts. Farm owners, successful businessmen, and generally all inhabitants of the Mid-West have a sense that all migrants are dumb, uneducated people in 1939. They lower wages for fruit-picking at farms which were the only jobs offered to the migrants because of their proposed lack of intelligence. But migrants do not necessarily choose not to educate themselves. Ma Joad announces to her family that she will send her two youngest children to school once they are settled. Connie, Rose of Sharon†s husband, also plans out his goals with Rose of Sharon saying, â€Å"An† he†s [Connie] gonna study at home, maybe radio, so he can git to be an expert . . . † The migrants have their mind already set on education and chose not to be ignorant all of their lives. Often in Grapes of Wrath, the affluent people stereotype the migrants as poor and penniless. As the Joads pull into the gas station, the attendant immediately asks, â€Å"Got any money?† He views the Joads as one of many poor, migrant families arriving to beg for some gas. But not all people who view migrants as poverty-stricken, hungry people see them in such a way. Mae, a waitress at one of the restaurants pities a family asking for bread and shows her compassion by letting the children have candy for much less than its worth. Instead of the anticipated let-down, the migrants receive pity from those with compassion and sympathy. Not only do affluent individuals see the migrants as uneducated and penniless, but also as easily agitated human beings. Because farm workers are afraid that these migrants may someday take over their farms, they try to make the migrants† stay more unwelcoming. â€Å"Now if there was a big fight and maybe shooting-a bunch of deputies could go in and clean out the camp,† one of the owners says to Tom and the Wallaces. Farm owners even plan to start a fight, thinking that no migrant can pass up a fight. But the migrants deal with the problem in a calm manner with no fight ever beginning. Cops swarm all over to provoke migrants so that many can be arrested and pulled off the streets. But the migrants resolve their problems so that new problems do not start. To farm owners, provoking migrants is a way to keep more migrants from stealing their land and resources but ends unsuccessfully. Stereotyping, brought on by the existence of a class system, has many positive effects in Grapes of Wrath. The migrants do intend to acquire an education, receive sympathy from the compassionate, and react intelligently to tempting situations. Steinbeck portrays society in its truest form. Even with the negative influence of the affluent people, the migrants receive just as many positive results as there are negative under such harsh circumstances.

Public participation Essay

The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the new millennium have seen the rapid growth of two undeniably related phenomena. They are the rise of international democracy and the explosion in the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). â€Å"E-democracy† is the concept widely used and even sometimes misused. Crick (2002:93) defines democracy as the, â€Å"polity or political rule [that] strives to balance individual freedom, individual rights, and the common good. † In this paper I’m going to examine the impact of ICTs on the concept of democracy as presented by Crick. Conditions of modern democracy are the role of individuals, official doctrines, typical social structure, nature of the elite, typical institutions of government, type of economy, theories of property, attitudes to law, diffusion of information, and attitudes to politics. No doubt that ICTs have potential to expand democratic participation. Still the question whether ICTs facilitate and enhance democracy is surrounded by much controversy. Areas such as e-voting and e-consultation attract great attention of political scientists from over the globe. ICTs provide an excellent opportunity for governments to become more transparent, efficient and accountable. ICTs mean that people are provided greater services and opportunities online, and as a result become more informed, articulate and active in public affairs. Thus, ICTs have a significant potential to widen civic engagement. Much hype surrounds the newly created term â€Å"global civil society†. Norris (2001:6) poses an inevitable and burning question, â€Å"Will the Internet have the capacity to revitalize public participation in conventional politics, such as levels of party membership, electoral turnout, or activism in civic and voluntary organizations? † ICTs may create the possibility of reaching out to publicize political parties, solicit feedback, new ideas, and new members, energize party activists and build leadership cadres. Thus, ICTs may help to promote political pluralism and activism. Individualism becomes a core value in the ICT-driven society, and the role of an individual is the condition of modern democracy. Also we should keep in mind that e-commerce empowers previously economically disadvantaged strata, and type of economy is one of the conditions of modern democracy. Norris (2001:97) stresses the following fact, â€Å"The Internet may broaden involvement in public life by eroding some of the barriers to political participation and civic engagement, especially for many groups currently marginalized from mainstream politics. † So ICTs provide a perfect opportunity to increase youth participation, enhance women on the political arena, and include marginalized and disadvantaged groups. As Crick (2002:98) argues, â€Å"Participation is critical, for moral education and for the implementation of democratic government. † Still, Leslie David Simon (2002:36) argues that, â€Å"Participation fortifies democracies, but it is also a favourite tool of many totalitarian states. † But Norris (2001:101) states that, â€Å"the new opportunities for civic engagement and political participation on the Internet will serve primarily to benefit those elites with the resources and motivation to take advantage of [them]. † The nature of the elite is the essential condition of modern democracy, and today we can speak of â€Å"information elite† as well as of â€Å"information society. † Transparency of the government, both federal and local, is another possible consequence of democracy. Crick (2002:103) states that, â€Å"Democracies work better (can only work) in an atmosphere of trust. † Norris (2001:107) states that, â€Å"new technologies allow greater transparency in the policy-making process, wider public participation in decision making, and new opportunities for interaction and mobilization in election campaigns, but, critics argue, whether these potentialities are realized. † Attention to the protection of human rights through the use of new communication technologies is an area of growing interest. On the other hand, the implementation of more â€Å"technological democracy† will exacerbate the existing digital divide present within and between developed and developing countries. The explosive growth of the Internet is exacerbating existing inequalities between the information rich and poor. Also, as Norris argues, a so-called democratic divide is developing between the citizens who do and do not use ICT’s to engage, mobilize and participate in public life. Instead of promoting democracy, ICTs could be manipulated by political parties as tools of propaganda. With no Internet censorship it is becoming a widespread political phenomenon. Crick (2002:21) defines anarchy as â€Å"a central danger of democracy†, and cyber-pessimist perceive Internet as a totally anarchical environment. Leslie David Simon (2002:Front Matter) reminds the reader that, â€Å"Today we know that there is another side to the story. Those who hate democratic values and human rights have also learned to use the Internet. In the United States and abroad, neo-Nazis and other hate groups maintain Web-sites†¦ † Also e-democracy should be seen as enhancing, not replacing traditional forms of government-citizen interaction. Norris (2001:104) reminds us that ICTs should be used, â€Å"to promote and strengthen the core representative institutions connecting citizens and the state. In this regard, opportunities for public participation and civic engagement generated via new technology are important. † Analysing all the abovementioned, I came to the conclusion that the views expressed by cyber-optimist are more realistic. Personally I believe that ICTs are able and will promote democracy and strengthen the rule of law, and attitude to law is one of the important conditions of modern democracy. ICT’s bring more opportunity and freedom, and these two factors will gradually cause wider adoption and improvement of democratic governance. Certainly, I admit the existence of numerous dangers related to the spread of ICTs, but I believe that the growing political consciousness will prevent further misuse of this powerful tool. Open and transparent government as well as availability and circulation of information can guarantee democracy and participation, and diffusion of information is one of the crucial conditions of modern democracy. Making a final conclusion I would life to state once more that the rational use of the whole potential of ICTs can facilitate democracies worldwide. Sources: 1. Leslie David Simon, Javier Corrales, Donald R. Wolfensberger, Democracy and the Internet: Allies or Adversaries?, Woodrow Wilson Centre Press, 2002 2. Pippa Norris, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, 2001 3. Bernard Crick, Democracy: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2002

The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and the Seven Years War

The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and the Seven Years War A system of alliances between the Great Powers of Europe had survived the wars of the Spanish and Austrian succession in the first half of the eighteenth century, but the French-Indian War forced a change. In the old system, Britain was allied with Austria, who was allied with Russia, while France was allied with Prussia. However, Austria was chaffing at this alliance after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle had ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, because Austria had wanted to recover the rich region of Silesia, which Prussia retained. Austria, therefore, began slowly, tentatively, talking with France. Emerging Tensions As tensions between England and France mounted in North America in the 1750s, and as a war in the colonies seemed certain, Britain signed an alliance with Russia  and upped the subsidies it was sending into mainland Europe to encourage other loosely allied, but smaller, nations to recruit troops. Russia was paid to keep an army on standby near Prussia. However, these payments were criticized in the British parliament, who disliked spending so much on defending Hanover, from where the current royal house of Britain had come, and which they wanted to protect. Alliances Change Then, a curious thing happened. Frederick II of Prussia, later to earn the nickname ‘the Great,’ was afraid of Russia and the British aid to her and decided that his current alliances weren’t good enough. He thus entered into discussion with Britain, and on January 16, 1756, they signed the Convention of Westminster, pledging aid to each other should ‘Germany’- which included Hanover and Prussia- be attacked or â€Å"distressed.† There were to be no subsidies, a most agreeable situation for Britain. Austria, angry at Britain for allying with an enemy, followed up its initial talks with France by entering into a full alliance, and France dropped its links with Prussia. This was codified in the Convention of Versailles on May 1st, 1756. Both Prussia and Austria were to remain neutral if Britain and France warred, as politicians in both nations feared would happen. This sudden change of alliances has been called the ‘Diplomatic Revolution.’ Consequences: War The system- and peace- looked secure to some: Prussia could not attack Austria now that the latter was allied with the greatest land power on the continent, and while Austria did not have Silesia, she was safe from further Prussian landgrabs. Meanwhile, Britain and France could engage in the colonial war which had already started without any engagements in Europe, and certainly not in Hanover. But the system reckoned without the ambitions of Frederick II of Prussia, and by the end of 1756, the continent was plunged into the Seven Years War.

The Kushan Empire

The Kushan Empire The Kushan Empire began in the early 1st century as a branch of the Yuezhi, a confederation of ethnically Indo-Europeans nomads who lived in eastern Central Asia. Some scholars connect the Kushans with the Tocharians of the Tarim Basin in China, Caucasian people whose blonde or red-haired mummies have long puzzled observers. Throughout its reign, the Kushan Empire spread control over much of Southern Asia all the way to modern-day Afghanistan and throughout the Indian subcontinent- with it, Zoroastrian, Buhhdism and Hellenistic beliefs also spread as far as China to the east and Persia to the west. Rise of an Empire Around the years A.D. 20 or 30, the Kushans were driven westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people who likely were the ancestors of the Huns. The Kushans fled to the borderlands of what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, where they established an independent empire in the region known as Bactria. In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Greats invasion force that had failed to take India. From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire. Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, turning a nice profit for the Kushan middle-men. Given all their contacts with the great empires of the day, it is hardly surprising that the Kushan people developed a culture with significant elements borrowed from many sources. Predominantly Zoroastrian, the Kushans also incorporated Buddhist and Hellenistic beliefs into their own syncretic religious practices. Kushan coins depict deities including Helios and Heracles, Buddha and Shakyamuni Buddha, and Ahura Mazda, Mithra and the Zoroastrian fire god  Atar. They also used the Greek alphabet that they altered to suit spoken Kushan. Height of the Empire By the rule of the fifth emperor, Kanishka the Great from 127 to 140 the Kushan Empire had pushed into all of northern India and expanded east again as far as the Tarim Basin- the original homeland of the Kushans. Kanishka ruled from Peshawar (currently Pakistan), but his empire also included the major Silk Road cities of Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan in what is now Xinjiang or East Turkestan. Kanishka was a devout Buddhist and has been compared to the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka the Great in that regard. However, evidence suggests that he also worshiped the Persian deity Mithra, who was both a judge and a god of plenty. During his reign, Kanishka built a stupa that Chinese travelers reported as about 600 feet high and covered with jewels. Historians believed that these reports were fabricated until the base of this amazing structure was discovered in Peshawar in 1908. The emperor built this fabulous stupa to house three of the Buddhas bones. References to the stupa have since been discovered among the Buddhist scrolls at Dunhuang, China, as well. In fact, some scholars believe that Kanishkas forays into the Tarim were Chinas first experiences with Buddhism. Decline and Fall After 225 CE, the Kushan Empire crumbled into a western half, which was almost immediately conquered by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, and an eastern half with its capital in Punjab. The eastern Kushan Empire fell at an unknown date, likely between 335 and 350 CE, to the Gupta king, Samudragupta.   Still, the influence of the Kushan Empire helped spread Buddhism across much of Southern and Eastern Asia. Unfortunately, many of the practices, beliefs, art, and texts of the Kushans were destroyed when the empire collapsed and if not for the historical texts of Chinese empires, this history may have been lost forever.

Analysis Of Pete Thamels Writing Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis Of Pete Thamels Writing Style - Essay Example Thamel makes use of the proper grammar and syntax to make his writings more logical and comprehensible. The general ethos evident in Thamel’s writings points out that he is knowledgeable about his field and knows what he is talking about. He tends to use an informal sentence structure to reach out to a maximum number of people which shows his consideration towards his audience. He does not mess with fancy words and difficult sentences, rather he writes in a way to get his message through to his audience. The sentence structure he chooses to display in his column is the loose sentence form mainly. Thamel uses a relaxed and casual tone in his writings mixed with a playful but serious take on the issues he is addressing. Thamel’s writing style does not demonstrate much of pathos. He has however often shown distress over the issues he discusses in an offhanded way.  He has made use of informal diction in all of his columns. Thamel’s literary techniques include fram ing, imagery, irony, and a narrative hook. Students can and do share their writings, projects, and assignments through such medium. Another Californian high school teacher states that the students are more willing to share with each other rather than with their teachers which are yet another step towards learning and sharing. If organizations such as the CTA have their way and get the school boards to lift the ban from social networking, this may yet be the greatest revolution the world would ever see. It would change the meaning of education.

Contemporary Issue in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Contemporary Issue in Accounting - Essay Example Correspondingly, managers have control but possess relatively small (if any) residual claims.’(Stephen G. Marks, 10 August, 2007, page 694)1 It is said that ‘corporations are easy to create but hard to understand.’(Robert Hessen, 1999-2000)2 The working style of corporations change as such organizations become larger and larger, as only then the intricacies of its decisive feature of separation of ownership and control come to the fore. Apparently this separation of control from ownership feature is the delegation of power from shareholders to managers in best of interests of residual claimants, but this delegation of power also bring a number of complexities and disadvantages for owners that ultimate benefits from it seem so small that entire exercise appear like playing in the hands of managerial omnipotence. However ‘it is argued that separation of ownership and control and managerial omnipotence must be distinguished. While the separation of ownership and management can be explained as a result of the search for efficient capital formation, managerial omnipotence can be understood as the unintended result of government regulations originally designed to protect shareholders’ property rights from managerial opportunistic behaviors.†( Padilla, Alexandre and Kreptul, Andrei, 5 may 2004)3 In fact, ‘Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means coined the phrase ‘the separation of ownership and control’ in their landmark 1932 book The Modern Corporation and Private Property and it remained the most widely used expression in the voluminous literature on corporate governance. It refers to their observation that during the 1920s the structure of ownership in large corporations changed from traditional arrangement of owners managing their own companies to one in which shareholders had become so numerous and dispersed that they were no longer willing or able to manage the corporations they owned.’(Donald G. Margotta, Jan- Feb

Three Art Styles - Dadaism, Surrealism and Impressionism Research Paper

Three Art Styles - Dadaism, Surrealism and Impressionism - Research Paper Example The essay "Three Art Styles - Dadaism, Surrealism and Impressionism" explores Dadaism, Surrealism and Impressionism, three styles of modern art. Dadaism has always been most visibly a frame of mind. This frame of mind began as a rebellion against WW1, the bourgeoisie, the social norms of the time, the abstract and impressionistic art of the time, and finally, by the 1920’s, it became a rebellion even against itself. It was extremely negative in its critique of everything, and also self-destructive. Dadaism began in 1915 and basically died in 1924, although there is a resurrection now in what is called Neo-Dadaism, so it might be argued that it’s not neo at all but is a continuation of sorts. Perhaps it is only the loudness of the anarchy, the violence of its performance, the wildness of its manifestos 1924. that has died, while the core beliefs still influence art today. Perhaps no one symbolizes the loud, outrageous and rebellious wildness of the original movement more than Baroness Else von Freytag-Loringhoven. She pushed her sexuality, fantastic costuming, immodest street roaming, and irrationality in everyone’s faces, living Dada and, in so doing, challenged the male sexual, cultural, intellectual and artistic insecurities of Dada artists Marchel DuChamp, Man Ray, Francis Picabia, and much of New York. Locher argues that we are not in a post-modern era at all, but in a continuation of Dada, in that we are still reacting to and rebelling against what has happened in the past half a century.

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Gordon Bowker, Jerry Baldwin and Ziv Siegl founded Starbucks in 1971. Their goal was to sell the finest quality whole beans and ground coffees (Starbucks timeline and history, 2004). In 1982, Starbucks had grown to five stores and started serving coffee to restaurants and espresso bars. Harold Schultz was employed as the director of retail operations and marketing. Harold Schultz convinced the founders of Starbucks to open a downtown Seattle coffee bar, which opened in 1984. With the success of Seattle coffee bar, Schultz left Starbucks to start his own company named Il Giornale. In 1987, Il Giornale acquired Starbucks retail operations for 4 million dollars. In addition, Il Giornale changed its name to Starbucks Corporation and open locations in Chicago and Vancouver, B. C. (Starbucks timeline and history, 2004). Starbucks continued its expansion throughout the late 1980 and beyond. In 1991, Starbucks became the first privately owned U. S. Corporation to offer stock options to part time employees (Starbucks timeline and history, 2004). In the early 1990s Starbucks started setting up coffee shops in Nordstrom?  ¦s department stores, Barnes Noble bookstores and ITT/Sheraton hotels. In 1995, the corporation began selling compact discs and formed an alliance with the Canadian bookstore, Chapters Inc. In 2000, Schultz promoted Orin Smith to the position of CEO. Schultz remained chairman for the corporation. This allowed Schultz to focus on Starbucks?  ¦ global strategy. Starbucks operates and licenses more the 7,500 coffee shops in more than 30 countries. Coffee Industry In the United States, coffee is the second largest import (Roosevelt, 2004). Furthermore, the United States, consumes one-fifth of all the worlds?  ¦ coffee (Global Exchange, 2004). The present industry is expanding. It is estimated that North America? ¦s sector will reach saturation levels within 5 year (Datamonitor. n. d. ). According to National Coffee Association (NCA), 8 out of 10 Americans consume coffee. In addition, it is estimated that half of the American population drinks coffee daily. The international market remains highly competitive. It is estimated that 3,300 cups of coffee are consumed every second of the day worldwide (Ecomall, n. d. ). The latest trends included dual drinkers, an increase in senior citizens consumption and a shift in consumption away from home. There has been a significant increase in the consumption of dual drinkers (NCA, 2004). Dual drinkers are people who drink both traditional coffee and gourmet coffee. According to NCA, 54% of America?  ¦s coffee drinkers are dual drinkers. Gourmet coffee is experiencing substantial growth with senior citizens. According to NCA, senior citizens coffee consumption leaped from 9% to 13%. Another trend is coffee consumption is moving outside the home. Coffee consumption away from home increased by 6%. Mission Statement The current mission statement is ?  §Establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles while we grow. This mission statement fits well with the general direction and the future strategies of Starbucks Corporation. Principles The following principles compliment both Starbucks mission statement and their strategies. Our recommendation is to keep the current mission statement and principles. ?aProvide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity. ?aEmbrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. ?aApply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting and fresh delivery of our coffee. ?aDevelop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time. ?aContribute positively to our communities and our environment ? aRecognize that profitability is essential to our future success. SWOT Analysis StrengthWeakness ?aFinancial Resources ?aGlobal Presence ?aBeverage Innovator ?aReliance on US Domestic Markets ?aReliance on Beverage Innovation ?aInternational Expansion Problems OpportunitiesThreats ?aInternational Operations ?aContinued Growth of Gourmet Coffee Market ?aExpanding ? V Unit Clustering ?aSupply Risk/ Dependence on Trading Companies and Exporters ? aUS Market Reaching Saturation Levels ?aCompetition Internal Strength. A few of Starbucks strengths included strong financial position, name recognition and being creative beverage innovators. Starbucks has reported revenue from January to July 2004 as 409 million dollars, which gives the company a strong financial position. Starbucks has a strong global presence from its many stores and licensees units, which has made Starbucks a household name. Starbucks is known for their creative innovations of beverages. Starbucks is not afraid to experiment and test new drinks in their stores. Some of the beverages introduced are Fappuccino Blended Beverages or Iced Shaken refreshments. Internal Weakness Some of the weakness the corporation faces includes international expansion problems and dependence of the United States markets and beverage innovations. The corporation was forced to close a number of stores. These stores failed to entice potential customers and Starbucks was forced to end a joint venture due to the lack of success. Starbucks has a dependency on beverage innovation and US markets. It is estimated that 85% of the corporation revenues come from the United States (Datamonitor, n. d. ). Starbucks contributes its growth based on beverage innovations (Datamonitor, n. d. ). External Opportunities One opportunity deals with clustering its business units. Starbucks uses clustering to ensure domination in chosen geographical areas. This practice allows Starbucks to bring conveniences to customers and at the same time preventing new business from entering the market. The last two opportunities are profitability of international operations and the expected growth of the specialty coffee market. The profitability of international operations and the expected growth will give the company greater leverage into the world market and will promote new market expansions. External Threats. One major threat is the lack of superior coffee beans. The expansion of Starbucks operations and limited quantity of superior coffee beans may result in a shortage of supply. Other factors, which could affect the coffee beans, are weather, political and economic conditions. Organizations like Fair Trade could change or alter the coffee industry. Another threat to Starbucks is the dependence on trading companies and exporters for their supply of superior coffee beans. Although Starbucks has limited the risk by paying above average prices for the superior coffee beans, the risk is still there. The last threats are competition and market saturation. The success of the coffee industry will attract more competitors. A competitor with a serious financial backing and resources could compete against Starbucks (Datamonitor, n. d. ). It is estimated that if the current market growth continues saturation levels will be reached in five years (Datamonitor, n. d. ). Customer Satisfaction Customer Satisfaction is defined as the measure or determination that a product or service meets a customers expectations, considering requirements of both quality and service (www. eglin. af. mil/46tw/StrategicPlan/glossary.htm). A customer?  ¦s expectations of product quality, service quality, and price, then a firm will achieve high levels of customer satisfaction. On the other hand, if the customer?  ¦s expectations are not met, the customer will be disappointed and this is likely to lower the satisfaction level. Due to lowered satisfaction, the customer could choose to stop buying from the firm/company. There have been many studies done that have shown that high customer satisfaction increases the likelihood of corporate profitability. It also showed that the costs incorporated with keeping an existing customer are five times that of getting new ones The Starbucks Customer The Starbuck?  ¦s Corporation is the leading retailer in the coffee industry. The market size of the coffee industry in the United States for 2003 is near 18 billion. The company?  ¦s sales have increased 23. 9% in the year 2003. These statistics show how many people in the U. S. are drinking Starbucks coffee. Starbucks attracts a cult-like following, serving 25 million drinks a week at nearly 7,000 locations worldwide. At one time or another, just about everyone has been a customer at a Starbucks retailer. Based on research done on the Internet, we have identified who the typical Starbucks?  ¦ customer is. A typical Starbucks customer is a male or a female, age ranging from 18 to 55. In most cases, the Starbucks?  ¦ customer is a college student, businessperson or someone in their mid to late fifties. A Starbucks customer tends to be very loyal to the company and will not accept substitutes. The usage level of a typical customer is at least three times a week, for some; it is every day. The benefits sought by customers range from enjoyment, relaxation, energy, and reward. Those who are not in a hurry like to sit down for a cup of coffee, listen to the relaxing songs played at the shops, enjoy a conversation with a friend, or just way to be alone and study. Another important characteristic of a typical customer is that most of the customers are financially stable enough to be able to afford to spend at least $2. 50 for a small cup of coffee. A typical Starbucks?  ¦ customer spends and average of $40 to $65 a month for coffee drinks. However, there are many customers who spend well over $65 a month. Improving Customer Satisfaction According to Schultz, ? §our success is based on their continued trust in our people and our environment over long periods of time. Redefining the industry youre playing in doesnt just mean hiring an agency to think up a fancy new slogan. To make it work, you have to offer high-quality new products and services that customers actually want, and that will reinforce the value offered by your core brand and expand the emotional connection your customers feel with it ( www. fastcompany. com from Issue 84 July 2004, Page 50 by:Alison Overholt). To continue the success that Starbucks had over the years, there must be ways to measure the customer? ¦s perceptions of the company. The customers are what make Starbucks what it is today, and to keep them we need to know what they expect from us. Based on research done on starbucks. com, it is evident that Starbucks values their customers. On the main page of the website there is a link to Customer Service; here the customer can ask questions or leave comments. This tool could be much more beneficial to the company if questions and/or comments could be asked by the customer. In the area of questions/comments-there is a drop down list of freqeuntly asked questions/comments, from this list the customer must pick. There could be many times when a customer has a question/comment, but it is not included on this list. The idea of having this link makes the customers feel that their opinions are valued, but there are a few areas that could be improved on that would be much more beneficial to the company. It is important that Starbucks asks for the opinions of their customers, but why only offer this online? Even though we have become such a computer savy world, there are still many people out there that are not computer literate. Many do not have access to computers, or some just do not know how to use them. This does not mean that these people don?  ¦t drink Starbucks coffee. To increase overall customer satisfaction, we should also incorporate a general product/service survey or some type of comment card in the retail stores. Surveys may seem tedious at times, but to help us find out information that could help our company in the long run, it is worth it. Surveys will give us an idea of how we can improve our product and service to satisfy the customer. Typical customer surveys are designed to measure: ?aOverall satisfaction ?aProduct-level satisfaction ?aImportance vs. satisfaction ? Timeliness of delivery ?aCustomer service process satisfaction ?aReturns and exchange process satisfaction ?aInterest in new potential products and services Included is sample survey that could be used to get a general idea of how our customers feel about our products and services. The main goal to achieve customer satisfaction needs to be: to find ways to deliver a great customer experience around your product or service. Customer expectations may be set, the idea is to exceed those expectations that they might already have. The recipe for a great cup of coffee includes four fundamentals, proportion, grind, water and freshness. Using the right proportion of coffee to water is the most important step in making great coffee. The shorter the brewing process, the finer the grind. The amount of time the coffee and water spend together affects the flavor elements that end up in your cup of coffee. Using fresh, cold water heated just off the boil is perfect for extracting the coffee?  ¦s full range of flavors. Use fresh ground coffee by grinding beans each time you brew the freshness is preserved. Starbucks quality is dependent on trading companies and exporters for its supply of green coffee. The company is looking to secure long term supply contracts, and in some cases has had to pay inflated prices in order to obtain such contracts. Starbucks responded to world coffee prices reaching 30-year lows during fiscal 2001 by offering suppliers more money to guarantee supply, and as such the risk of non-delivery on such purchase commitments is low. However, the nature of the business dictates that the company?  ¦s dependency on suppliers does put it at risk. Starbucks quality is at risk to the volatility of the supply and price of coffee. The company?  ¦s search for the superior standard coffee mean in can be adversely affected by multiple factors in the producing countries, including weather, political, and economic conditions. In addition, green coffee prices have been affected in the past, and may be affected in the future, by the actions of organizations and associations that have in the past attempted to influence prices of green coffee through agreements establishing export quotas or restricting global coffee supplies. The actions of these associations could cause a degree of costly disruption to Starbuck?  ¦s operations. Purchasing Guidelines Starbucks has also introduced coffee purchasing guidelines. The goal of these guidelines is to support Starbucks commitment to purchase coffee that has been grown and processed by suppliers who meet environmental, social, economic, and quality standards. Global coffee production can only be sustainable if it is economically viable, socially responsible, and environmentally sensitive at all levels of the supply chain. Over the past few years Starbucks has been working on the sourcing guidelines and they feel that is an important step that will help increase the production of high quality coffee and improve the health of the specialty coffee industry. With these guidelines, Starbucks is taking a leadership role in addressing the environmental and social issues surrounding the global coffee industry. This initiative is part of a long-term partnership between Starbucks and Conservation International to promote methods of coffee production that help to conserve global biodiversity. To launch these guidelines, Starbucks will enlist the support of coffee suppliers who are sustainable advocates. Starbucks has instituted a flexible point system that rewards performance in sustainable categories. Points will be accrued based on a supplier?  ¦s ability to meet sustainability guidelines, and suppliers who earn more points in the program will receive higher purchasing preference when Starbucks purchases green coffee. Starbucks has a long-standing practice of paying premium prices for coffee, and has always paid an average of at least $1. 20 per pound. As part of this practice, Starbucks will provide additional premiums of up to ten cents per pound to vendors based upon how well their coffee samples meet the standards. These financial incentives will help defray the costs incurred by participating suppliers. Suppliers wishing to participate will be required to provide independent, third party verification of their performance against the guidelines. Starbuck?  ¦s hopes that the success of this program demonstrates to the rest of the coffee industry that they can benefit by producing coffee in a way that protects global biodiversity and improves the livelihoods of coffee farmers. The Three Keys to Quality Coffee The three keys to quality coffee are: 1)Quality Green Arabica Coffee The best coffee beans produce the best cup of coffee. 2)Fresh Roasted Great tasting coffee relies on how soon the coffee is brewed, and consumed after roasting. For coffee to be fresh, and best, it must be consumed within five days after roasting, three hours of grinding, and fifteen minutes of brewing. The first sign that coffee is stale is a bitter taste. 3)Proper Brewing ? V Temperature and time, brewing is the extraction of coffee flavor oils from the roasted grounds using water. The best temperature for optimum extraction is water just off the boil (195 degrees to 205 degree Fahrenheit). This temperature will extract the full range of flavors from fresh roasted beans. Time is a function of brewing method and grind size. There are many ways to brew good coffee. Steeping and espresso are the two best methods. Financial Analysis Total net sales for Starbucks Corporation were analyzed for 2001, 2002, and 2003. The company had a total net sales increase of $639. 9M between the years 2001 and 2002. Another net increase of $786. 6M in sales occurred between 2002 and 2003. This is a positive sign because in a growing company, of course, we would expect a consistent increase in sales. A result of the increase in sales in part is due to a recent innovation of drive-throughs being added for the convenience of its many customers. Net income increased substantially to 215. 1M in 2002. This was due to the boom in sales and good control of its cost of goods sold. Net income increased to $53. 2M in 2003. The coffee giant acquired Seattle Coffee Company from AFC Enterprises for $72. 0M in 2003, as well. Income from operations took a boost up from $281. 0M in 2001 to $318. 7M in 2002, a difference of $37. 6M. Income from operations saw a considerable upturn of $424. 7M in 2003. In a growing company we would expect income from operations to grow from year to year. Cost of sales continued to increase $237. 2M between the years 2001 and 2002 and it peaked again $335. 9M between 2002 and 2003. This is normal when sales are increasing significantly. Management Strategies From cappuccinos to lattes to just regular coffee, the quality of Starbucks fine coffee beverages is worth the cost in dollars. An article from the Internet stated ?  §At $43 in mid-June, a share of Starbucks (SBUX) cost 47 times what Wall Street analysts expect the coffee-shop chain to earn per share this year. The typical stock in the SP 500 index trades at just 19 times earnings (Rosato, D. , 2004, p. 124). The article continued to state that management is projecting Starbucks earnings to grow to 20% every year for the next three to five years. With an amazing growth rate like that its no wonder that their growth far exceeds the typical SP stocks growth rate by as much as three times. Starbucks has a very strong balance sheet. It has little long-term debt and $380. 0M in cash. It continues to expand its long-term assets and finances them from its own cash flow. If a company is in a state of expansion, we would expect long-term assets to increase. The total current assets for the year ending September 29, 2002 for Starbucks Corporation were $847. 5M. For the year ending September 28, 2003 total current assets grew $76. 5M. This gives us a good indication that the company is expanding. Inventory increased from $263. 1M in 2002 to $342. 9 in 2003. In a growing company, we would expect inventory to increase. An article in the Internet stated that in November 2001, Starbucks offered their own Starbucks card. It was a convenient way for coffee drinkers to pay quickly and easily for their morning cup of coffee (Kuykendall, 2004, p. 7). Starbucks sold roughly $18. 0M of these gift cards. This strategy is a great way to increase volume and unlike other cards Starbucks said, ?  §It had never charged the fee noted on its cards $2 a month after on year ? V to anyone (Kuykendall, 2004 p. 7). Another vision to increase its financial strategy was the introduction of the Duetto combo prepaid/credit card in late 2003. An article on the Internet stated how the Chicago based Bank One Corp. called Duetto worked with Starbucks to generate a program where cardholders would receive rewards based on their spending habits. Starbucks conducted a survey to determine the gift that was most attractive to customers and Colette Courtion, director of Starbucks Global Card Services stated, ?  §Duetto cardholders receive a one-time $10 ?  §preload and 1% in so-called Duetto dollars that are automatically loaded on the stored-value side each month for every Visa purchase made. Starbucks also donates $5 to the Starbucks Foundation, after every customer?  ¦s first Starbucks Card Duetto Visa purchase (Martin, Z. , 2004, p. 22). A half-pound of coffee was one of the great appealing rewards, as well. Bank One and Starbucks were very well pleased with the markets positive response to the Duetto card. We are in agreement with these financial strategies and as a team, we concur that Starbucks Corporation should continue the card services as a strategic process that gives their company a great competitive advantage. A key strength of Starbucks is being a disciplined innovator. Frappuccino blended beverages and iced refreshments were new innovations and helped the growth of Starbucks. Starbucks should continue coming up with new kinds of beverages, as that is its core product. Perhaps a vegetable drink that is geared more toward the healthier population like a low calorie, low fat, and low sugar carrot drink that is actually providing the body with good vitamins and minerals. According to information retrieved from the Factiva database, Starbucks Price/Earnings ratio in the last twelve months was 56. 9 and its current ratio was 1. 8. Starbucks is on the right track with their strategies and they have done such an excellent job so far that we believe these strategies will continue to bring revenues for many upcoming years. Growth Starbucks Corporation has a good strategic growth plan currently to enhance their business and gain market share over their competitors. In this section of the report, it will go over Starbucks current ideas about their growth and give different recommendations in how some other ideas may increase their current and future growth. In the current high completive coffee market Starbucks has a good market share and are opening location across the world. Starbucks have opened their location in markets before any of their competitors has any of their location even around that market. Starbucks has a global brand name over their competitors. Starbucks Corporation has roughly 7,500 retail locations across the world, with majority are owned and operated in the United States of America. Starbucks currently has locations across 30 different countries to set their business in the market before any competitors due. Even with Starbucks aggressive move to open many locations across the world they have very little profit with their business. The reasons that Starbuck?  ¦s profitability is low because they?  ¦re trying to cease the market first. In the fiscal year of 2003, the company has a total of nearly 1,300 licensed retail stores, with 1,000 in Asia-Pacific region, 176 in Europe/Middle East/Africa and the remainder in America, excluding North America (Canada, Hawaii, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Peru and Chile). Starbucks is headquartered in Seattle, derives approximately 85% of its revenues and substantially all of its profits from its domestic US market. The US market is the market that gives them the most profit of all markets. Starbucks started most of their locations at cold states based that more coffee drinkers live in cold states. With the new innovation of the cold flavored coffee drinks increased their chance to open more location in warm clement locations. Even with the rapid growth of coffee businesses in the US Starbucks has a large market share and with any change the Starbucks may due their competitors looks to target. Starbucks looks to enhance their brand image in the US market to increase their product sales from the stores that carry Starbucks coffee drinks, like Seven Eleven that carry only Starbucks coffee only. Starbucks reliance on the beverage innovation is important for the Starbucks future growth. With the increase for coffee store based on the need for coffee because of the new flavors, coffee market is growing but Starbucks looks to bring a new innovation to the market. The only problem at hand would be how long will the need and growth of the market last. In the international markets need less innovation then the US market based that there are less competitors in the market. International markets may need to have certain products for their taste. Most often different countries have different customs and life styles that could change the need for each custom. By the fiscal year of 2004, Starbucks international market will achieve profitability. About 23% of the company?  ¦s stores locations that are profitable are located in North America markets that include UK and Japan. Currently the specialty coffee sector accounts for 15% of the US retail market, and which is already worth $21 billion. By 2005, the retail coffee market will be worth $22 billion, and the specialty coffee will account for 41% of the market. Also Starbucks are looking to invent a coffee ice cream and ice cream coffee drink. All of the ice cream has many different flavors and if the newly product takes of like it?  ¦s planned on doing. The specialty coffee products are now sold even at retail store based on the growing need for it. Starbucks is looking to open coffee and ice cream combined stores in start a new market. Starbucks currently sees that more and more coffee business are opening threw out the US by small business owners, so Starbucks is selling more stores to lessen the opening of small businesses. Starbucks feels that if they sell their name that more small business owner would rather have a well-known name to enhance their chances in doing well. Starbucks owners will learn and gain from the innovation and marketing ideas that Starbucks will give. Starbucks will grow faster if they sell of most or all of their location because their will be less need in maintaining their stores and more need in bring new ideas to the market. Now their competitors are franchising their location to. Most of the Starbucks locations in malls or in strip malls across the world. Currently Starbucks are building freestanding locations and designing a drive threw so their customers can have a more convenient way when needing their service. With these newly developed locations will have a food line. They?  ¦re looking to have hot food and cold food to compete with the Tim Horton coffee business. They are also looking to stay open 24 hours, seven days a week. Starbucks is looking to carry donuts, breakfast sandwiches, bagels and other morning food. Starbucks interest to change to compete with Tim Horton?  ¦s may hurt their business or help their business based on the cost involved in the change. Starbucks has concerns regarding the US store growth potential. Currently if the growth continues, saturation levels within the North American retail division will be reached inside five years, the reasons why Starbucks has some concern is that about 75% of the companies revenue growth and a greater portion of its profit. Before the US market becomes saturated, the US market sales growth will grow slowly over the next three to five years. With this change of saturation point coming, the pressure will be on the international Starbucks division will need to grow faster. Currently Starbucks global coffee market is very competitive, and must compete against the likes of restaurants, coffee shops, and street carts. Any major competitors, with a large financial background and the same resources as Starbucks can enter the market at any time and compete directly against the company. Starbucks feels that they have a good market share and are aware of competition on all levels and can maintain its operational performance if its to maintain its status as the world?  ¦s leading specialty coffee retailer. Starbucks was one of the first coffee businesses in the market and will try to be one of the last to leave. The recommendation to Starbucks Coffee that if they are going to grow in the market faster than their competitors is not to change their business to be more like Tim Horton?  ¦s and have their own identity. Currently Starbucks started the wireless Internet access in their stores and now every competitor is doing it. Also, it will help Starbucks if they would enhance the online service to provide laptops and other computers at their locations. They should have online ordering of coffee so when business people need to go fast they can order online and pay online to have a faster way in getting there coffee. With the innovation of new products, Starbucks should think in expanding in creating a coffee machine that can be place at schools, hospitals, and other companies that may need coffee and late hours or that don?  ¦t need a store. They currently market their own coffee brand coffee to purchase at other store but they should have it accessible online to order. The best thing that Starbucks has going for them is that none of its direct competitors are selling their product at store and online. With the increase in people that drink specialty coffee, Starbucks should innovate more different flavored coffee to increase their potential growth currently and in the future. The international looks to be the best growth for their business and they should invest more into locations and countries. Summary In order to ensure future success, we feel that Starbucks should implement the following suggestions. To improve customer satisfaction, Starbucks should include a section where customers actually ask questions and/or leave comments both in store and at their website. In addition, Starbucks should incorporate a survey to measure customer satisfaction. To ensure quality, Starbucks should continue its current practices. The practice includes securing long-term contracts, paying premium prices for coffee and additional premiums to suppliers to ensure quality needs are meet. To guarantee financial security, Starbucks should continue its role as a disciplined innovator. Starbucks should continue to promote the use of Starbucks cards and Duetto combo prepaid credit cards. An important part of Starbuck continued growth is emphasizing their unique image and to continue to provide the latest technical advancements. Starbucks should start expanding by providing coffee machines at schools, hospitals and other similar organizations. These strategies will continue to promote Starbucks as a leading retailer in a highly competitive coffee industry. Starbucks Customer Survey Dear Customer: I want to thank you for giving us the opportunity to serve you. Please help us serve you better by taking a couple of minutes to tell us how we are doing. We appreciate your business and want to make sure we meet your expectations. Attached you will find a coupon good for 1 free coffee.